Albion process

The Albion process is an atmospheric leaching process for processing zinc concentrate, refractory copper and refractory gold.[1] The process is important because it is the most cost-effective method currently in use for extracting both the zinc and lead from concentrates that contain high lead levels (7% or greater). Zinc and lead often occur together and large remaining zinc deposits contain levels of lead that exceed what can be economically extracted through other techniques. The Albion process is not sensitive to the concentration grade and gives favorable recovery with both low grade and dirty concentrates. Environmental impact is also claimed[2] to be mitigated using this technology because in contrast to other methods, sulfur dioxide is not emitted and less energy is consumed over all.

History

Development of the Albion process started during the early nineties led by Mount Isa Mines. It was first patented in 1993.[3] Several pilot plant projects were conducted in 1994 and 1995 which tested the feasibility of using the technology to process high arsenic gold and copper ore.[3]

The Albion Process has been successfully installed in seven projects globally:

  • GPM Gold Project (Gold, Armenia)[4]
  • Las Lagunas Tailings (Gold, Dominican Republic)
  • Sable Copper Project (Copper, Chalcopyrite, Zambia)[5]
  • Asturiana de Zinc (Zinc, Spain)
  • Nordenham Zinc Refinery (Zinc, Germany)
  • McArthur River (Zinc, Australia)

Process

The ore concentrate is first introduced into an IsaMill. This comminution step places a high degree of strain on the mineral lattice and causes an increase in the number of grain boundary fractures and lattice defects of several orders of magnitude. The increase in the number of defects within the mineral lattice "activates" the mineral, facilitating leaching. The rate of leaching is also enhanced, due to the increase in the mineral surface area.

The oxidative leaching stage is carried out in agitated tanks operating at atmospheric pressure. Oxygen is introduced to the leach slurry to assist the oxidation. Leaching is autothermal, not requiring any external heat. Temperature is controlled by the rate of addition of oxygen, and by the leach slurry density.

Chemistry

The general reaction for the leaching process is:

[6]

gollark: There's no reason you couldn't do both.
gollark: Isn't the personhood thing about being able to sue them? It's not like they're meaningfully people in that they can directly vote or whatever.
gollark: Mostly by, as far as I can tell, just doing socially-accepted-as-being-environmentally-friendly things, not exactly effective things.
gollark: Are consumers just meant to avoid environment-destroying companies? If they act rationally and selfinterestedly they don't really have a good incentive to.
gollark: What about externalities, e.g. some company destroying the environment?

References
  1. Pease, Joe (August 2005), "Complex leaching becomes much simpler" (PDF), Australian Mining, pp. 26–32, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2009, retrieved 6 January 2010
  2. "Albion Process Progress", Mining Journal, p. 324, 8 November 2002, archived from the original on 14 July 2011
  3. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-09-12. Retrieved 2010-01-06.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. "GPM Gold Project in Armenia" (PDF). Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  5. "First Chalcopyrite Copper Concentrate Leaching using Albion Process Technology" (PDF). Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  6. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-09-30. Retrieved 2010-01-06.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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