Albert Freeman Africanus King

Albert Freeman Africanus King (18 January 1841 – 13 December 1914) an English-born American physician who witnessed the assassination of Abraham Lincoln on 14 April 1865. He was a bystander physician who was pressed into service during the assassination. He was one of a few physicians who served in both the Confederate States Army and the United States Army during the American Civil War. In addition, King was one of the earliest to suggest the connection between mosquitos and malaria.

Albert Freeman Africanus King
Portrait of Dr Albert Freeman Africanus King
Born(1841-01-18)18 January 1841
Ambrosden, Oxfordshire, England
Died13 December 1914(1914-12-13) (aged 73)
Washington, D.C., US
Resting placeRock Creek Cemetery
38.56°N 77.0°E / 38.56; 77.0
NationalityEnglish
CitizenshipAmerican
Alma materNational Medical College of Columbian University (1st MD)
University of Pennsylvania (2nd MD)
George Washington University
Known forService in assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Mosquito-malaria theory
Spouse(s)Ellen Amory Dexter
Scientific career
FieldsObstetrics
Philosophy of medicine
InstitutionsLincoln Hospital
National Medical College of Columbian University
University of Vermont College of Medicine
Providence Hospital (Washington, D.C.)
Georgetown University
ThesisBasis of an improved medical philosophy (1865)

Early life

On January 18, 1841, King was born in Ambrosden, a village near Bicester in the Cherwell District of north-eastern Oxfordshire in England. He was the youngest of three children of Edward King and Louisa Freeman. His sister was Stella Louisa Elizabeth King (born 1838) and brother was Claudius Edward Richard King (born 1839). His father was a doctor interested in the colonization of Africa. He was named Africanus "because of his father's admiration" for that continent.[1] He attended Maley's School and the Bicester Diocesan School.

His family left Liverpool on 26 August 1854 to emigrate to the United States. They arrived in Jersey City, New Jersey, on 7 September 1854 (but some records indicate 1851) and first settled in Alexandria, Virginia. In 1855, they moved to Bushy Bridges, Prince William County.[2][3][4]

Education and early career

King earned his (MD) degree from National Medical College of Columbian University (now George Washington University Medical School) in 1861 at age twenty. In November he became an Acting Assistant Surgeon to Major J. W. L. Daniel of 15th AL Infantry, Confederate States Army, and the University of Pennsylvania. In 1864 he was appointed Acting Assistant Surgeon in the U.S. Army, and worked at the Lincoln Hospital, Washington, D.C. In 1865, he became lecturer on toxicology at the National Medical College of Columbian University, and also obtained his second MD degree from University of Pennsylvania.

Lincoln assassination

During the American Civil War, King was in Washington, DC. On 14 April 1865 he was in the audience at Ford's Theatre when President Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth. He helped carry the dying President to a house across the street. Some suggest King was the first physician to reach Lincoln but the accounts of the other physicians present, Dr. Charles Augustus Leale and Dr. Charles Sabin Taft, suggest that King was second or third.[5]

Later life

In 1871 King became a professor of obstetrics both at University of Vermont College of Medicine and Providence Hospital in Washington, D.C. and at the University of Vermont.[6][7] From 1879 to 1894 he was Dean of National Medical College, Medical Department, at National Medical College of Columbian University.

Mosquito-malaria theory
Main article: Mosquito-malaria theory

In 1882, King proposed a method to eradicate malaria from Washington, DC. His method was to encircle the city with a wire screen as high as the Washington Monument. Many people took this as a jest, partly because the link between malaria and mosquitoes had, at that time, been hypothesized by only a few physicians. It was not until 1898 that Ronald Ross proved mosquitoes were a vector for malaria (he won the Nobel Prize for the discovery just four years later).[8] However impractical, King was on the right track for malaria control, well in advance of the rest of the medical profession.[9][10][11]

Honours

King was elected President of Medical Society of Washington, D.C. in 1883, and again in 1903. In 1883 University of Vermont awarded him honorary master's degree. From 1885 to 1887 he was President of Washington Obstetrical and Gynecological Society. He received LLD degree from University of Vermont in 1894. He was Fellow of British Gynecological Society, American Gynecological Society, and American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was Consulting Physician at Children's Hospital in Washington, D.C.. He was elected member of Washington Academy of Sciences, and Associate Member of the Victoria Institute, or Philosophical Society of Great Britain.

Personal life and death

King married Ellen Amory Dexter of Boston on 17 October 1894. Together they had two daughters, Louisa Freeman and Sarah Vincent. His wife died in 1935.

King died in Washington, D.C. due to senile debility, and is interred at Rock Creek Cemetery.

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See also

References
  1. Kunhardt. Twenty Days, p. 45
  2. "Albert King". Nature. 147 (3716): 85. 1941. doi:10.1038/147085d0.
  3. "Dr. Edward King". ancestry.com. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  4. Carnes, Mark C. (2005). American national biography (Rev. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-1952-2202-9.
  5. Papaioannou, Helena Iles; Stowell, Daniel W. (2013). "Dr. Charles A. Leale's Report on the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln". Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. 34 (1): 40–53. hdl:2027/spo.2629860.0034.105.
  6. McCullough. The Path Between the Seas. Pg. 143
  7. The Ariel. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont and State Agricultural College. 1891. p. 11.
  8. McCullough. The Path Between the Seas. Pp. 409-410, 422
  9. Cook, G C (2000). "Perceptions of malaria transmission before Ross' discovery in 1897". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 76 (901): 738–740. doi:10.1136/pmj.76.901.738. PMC 1741788. PMID 11060174.
  10. DANIELS, WB (1950). "Albert Freeman Africanus King (1841-1914); his theory as to the transmission of malaria by mosquitoes". The Medical Annals of the District of Columbia. 19 (9): 499–505, passim. PMID 15438311.
  11. Howard, L. O. (1915). "DR. A. F. A. KING ON MOSQUITOES AND MALARIA". Science. 41 (1052): 312–315. doi:10.1126/science.41.1052.312. PMID 17789057.

Sources
  • Honigsbaum, Mark. The Fever Trail: In Search of the Cure for Malaria, Picador, 2003. ISBN 0-312-42180-X
  • Kunhardt, Dorothy Meserve, and Kunhardt Jr., Phillip B. Twenty Days: A Narrative in Text and Pictures of the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln and the Twenty Days and Nights That Followed. New York: Castle Books, 1965.
  • McCullough, David. The Path Between the Seas. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977.
  • Roos, Charles A. Physicians to the Presidents, and Their Patients: A Biobibliography, Bulletin of the Medical Library Association. 1961.
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