Ag-gag

Ag-gag laws are anti-whistleblower laws that apply within the agriculture industry. Popularized by Mark Bittman in an April 2011 The New York Times column (but used long before then by advocates), the term ag-gag typically refers to state laws in the United States of America that forbid undercover filming or photography of activity on farms without the consent of their owner—particularly targeting whistleblowers of animal rights abuses at these facilities.[1] Although these laws originated in the United States, they have also begun to appear elsewhere, such as in Australia and France. Some of these laws, such as the failed proposal in Pennsylvania, have a wider scope and could be used to criminalize actions by activists in other industries.[2]

Part of a series on
Animal rights

The Movement

Aspects

Ideas

Related
 Animals portal

Supporters of ag-gag laws have argued that they serve to protect the agriculture industry from the negative repercussions of exposés by whistleblowers. The proliferation of ag-gag laws has been criticized by various groups, arguing that the laws are intended primarily to censor animal rights abuses by the agriculture industry from the public, create a chilling effect in reporting these violations, and violate the right to freedom of speech.[3] A number of U.S. ag-gag laws have been overturned as violations of the First Amendment to the U.S. constitution.

Background

Ag-gag laws emerged in the early 1990s in response to underground activists with the Animal Liberation Front movement. In Kansas, Montana and North Dakota, state legislators made it a crime to take pictures or shoot video in an animal facility without the consent of the facility's owner.[4]

In 2002, the conservative organization American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) drafted the "Animal and Ecological Terrorism Act", a model law for distribution to lobbyists and state lawmakers. The model law proposed to prohibit "entering an animal or research facility to take pictures by photograph, video camera, or other means with the intent to commit criminal activities or defame the facility or its owner". It also created a "terrorist registry" for those convicted under the law.[5]

The whistleblower advocacy project Food Integrity Campaign (FIC), a campaign of the non-profit organization the Government Accountability Project calls undercover video of livestock facilities by whistleblowers essential:

When it comes to bringing horrific truths to the public eye, undercover footage and images are often an effective outlet for whistleblowers who otherwise risk retaliation when speaking up. Going through "proper channels" to report abuse often results in supervisors intimidating those employees who have made complaints to keep quiet. Statements by Ag Gag bill sponsors imply that "real" whistleblowers have a safe and effectual means for speaking up, when history shows that's often not the case.[6]

Ag-gag laws have also drawn criticism on constitutional grounds by eminent legal scholars such as Erwin Chemerinsky, as a violation of the First Amendment for restricting unpopular forms of speech.[7] In August 2015, a U.S. district court ruled such a law passed by the state of Idaho to be unconstitutional as a violation of the First Amendment; Judge B. Lynn Winmill stated that "Although the State may not agree with the message certain groups seek to convey about Idaho's agricultural production facilities, such as releasing secretly recorded videos of animal abuse to the Internet and calling for boycotts, it cannot deny such groups equal protection of the laws in their exercise of their right to free speech."[8]

Laws

Australia

In Australia, several laws have been passed to strengthen existing laws for trespass, theft and vandalism — aimed at reducing animal rights vigilantism (according to livestock farmers) or gagging (according to activists).

Between 2015 and 2017, New South Wales passed several laws addressing trespass by "vegan vigilantes" at farms and slaughterhouses within bills about biosecurity. The Right to Farm Bill 2019[9] added criminal penalties for those who damage property, release livestock, or induce others to commit "aggravated unlawful entry".[10]

The Australian Government passed the Criminal Code Amendment (Agricultural Protection) Act 2019[11] which introduced further penalties for those who publish information on the internet with the intent of inciting other "green-collared criminals" to "unlawfully damage or destroy property, or commit theft, on agricultural land".[10] The 2019 legislation was in response to escalating animal rights activism incited through online posts and websites, leading to harassment and criminal behavior such as mass farm invasions, livestock theft and damage, often live-streamed online. In one incident a dairy farm was stormed by 100 activists and in another, cows were let loose in the road, a building was burned, and machinery damaged. In 2019, an animal rights group published a map on the internet revealing contact details and private information of farmers and slaughterhouses. A survey of pork farmers revealed 41% had suffered a raid by animal activists and 43% had had images posted online. The legislation was aimed at those "inciting others to commit unlawful trespass or other offences in the homes and on the lands of our farmers."[12]

Canada

Alberta

Bill 27, the Trespass Statutes (Protecting Law-Abiding Property Owners) Amendment Act, is a bill aimed at giving property owners more rights and imposes higher fines on those who trespass.[13] The bill, which had its first reading in November 2019, makes specific reference to "land used for the production of crops, the raising and maintenance of animals, and the keeping of bees."[14]

Ontario

The Security From Trespass and Protecting Food Safety Act, 2019 was passed on June 18, 2020.[15] Introduced in December 2019 as Bill 156 by the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, it was endorsed by the Ontario Federation of Agriculture and Union des Cultivateurs Franco-Ontariens.[16] In February 2020, a group of law professors in Canada sent a letter to the Attorney General of Ontario, expressing concern that aspects of the law would infringe on the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[17] Proponents of the bill cited the need for increased protections from biosecurity risks, trespass, disruption of operations, theft and harassment.[18] The law prohibits unauthorized persons from trespassing on farm property and animal processing facilities, and prohibits protesters from interacting with livestock haulers. A person found guilty can be fined up to $15,000 for the first offence and $25,000 for subsequent offences.[19]

United States

Several states have passed ag-gag laws, many of which have been challenged in court.[20][21]

Arkansas

The constitutionality of Arkansas' ag-gag law is currently being challenged.[22]

Idaho

In February 2014, Idaho Governor Butch Otter signed Idaho's "ag-gag" bill, the "Agricultural Security Act", into law, which imposed fines and jail time on activists who secretly film abuse on Idaho's commercial farms. It came about as the result of the animal rights organization Mercy for Animals releasing a video of animal abuse by workers on Bettencourt Dairy farms.[8]

On August 3, 2015, the Agricultural Security Act was struck down as unconstitutional by the U.S. District Court for the District of Idaho as a violation of the First Amendment.[8][23] This decision was appealed to the Ninth Circuit, and parts of Idaho’s law were struck down on First Amendment grounds in early 2018.[4]

Iowa

On January 9, 2019, Iowa's ag-gag law was ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. Southern District Court of Iowa.[24][25]

Kansas

The constitutionality of Kansas' ag-gag law is currently being challenged.[26]

North Carolina

In 2020, in the case of PETA et al v. Stein, Judge Schroeder struck four subsections of North Carolina's 2015 Property Protection Act, writing "the law is declared unconstitutional as applied to them in their exercise of speech." The plaintiffs included People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Center for Food Safety, Animal Legal Defense Fund, Farm Sanctuary, Food & Water Watch, Government Accountability Project, Farm Forward, and the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.[27][28]

Utah

On July 7, 2017, Utah's ag-gag law was ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. District Court of Utah.[29]

Support

Proponents of the laws note that public documentation of factory farming practices will result in negative consequences for the industry. "State Sen. David Hinkins (R), who sponsored Utah's law, said it was aimed at the 'vegetarian people who are trying to kill the animal industry.'" [30] When investigators publicize documentation of factory farms, the company generally loses business.[31] For instance, in 2007, an undercover investigator from The Humane Society of the United States visited the Hallmark/Westland slaughterhouse in Chino, California and filmed downed cows, too sick to stand up, being "dragged by chains and pushed by forklifts to the kill floor". A large amount of the meat from this slaughterhouse had been consumed through the National School Lunch Program, and the footage compelled "the U.S. Department of Agriculture to announce what was at the time the largest meat recall in U.S. history".[30] Similarly, a Mercy for Animals investigation at Sparboe Farms resulted in McDonald's, Target, Sam's Club, and Supervalu all dropping Sparboe as an egg supplier. The investigation revealed cages full of dead hens rotting alongside living hens who were still laying eggs for human consumption. The investigator documented standard practices such as painful debeaking without painkillers and tossing live birds into plastic bags to suffocate, along with other behaviour deemed "sadistic" and "malicious".[32][33]

Opposition

Fifty-nine groups, including a wide variety of welfare, civil liberties, environmental, food safety and First Amendment organizations have publicly stated opposition to ag-gag laws. Some of these groups include the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Animal Legal Defense Fund (ALDF), American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), Amnesty International USA, Farm Sanctuary, Food and Water Watch, Food Chain Workers Alliance, Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association, International Labor Rights Forum, National Consumers League, and United Farm Workers, among many others. The statement of opposition explains:

These bills represent a wholesale assault on many fundamental values shared by all people across the United States. Not only would these bills perpetuate animal abuse on industrial farms, they would also threaten workers' rights, consumer health and safety, law enforcement investigations and the freedom of journalists, employees and the public at large to share information about something as fundamental as our food supply.[34]

Individuals and groups such as the ones listed above are concerned that the bills are written to hide welfare and safety violations in the animal agriculture industry from the public view. While laws aimed at restricting documentation or employee applications directly restrict documentation, the third type of law (e.g. Missouri's) is said to be intended to promote the rapid prosecution of any business displaying such practices. However, critics of the bills contend that when all material must be turned over to authorities in such a short amount of time (generally within twenty-four hours), establishments can easily cover up or change their practices or fire the employee before further documentation can occur, making a thorough investigation of any farm virtually impossible.

On July 22, 2013, the ALDF, PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) and others filed their first lawsuit challenging ag-gag laws on constitutional grounds, in Utah.[35] Utah's law made it illegal to obtain access to an agricultural operation under false pretenses, such as providing inaccurate information on a job application, which is one of the ways that investigative reporters document violations and abuses.[36]

Since then, the ag-gag laws of Utah and three other states have been found unconstitutional. In August 2015, Idaho's ag-gag law was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. District Court for Idaho,[37] and the decision was upheld on appeal.[38] Federal district courts overturned Utah's law July 2017,[39] and Iowa's in January 2019,[40] and initially upheld the law in Wyoming,[41] but overturned Wyoming's law in October 2018 following remand from the Tenth Circuit.[42]

Legal challenges to ag-gag laws are ongoing in other states, including Kansas.[43]

gollark: I'm unstarring lyric for that.
gollark: ···························································...............························································..................······················...·············...·····..····.··············..··············..·············......···..·················...····.··..··..···.·················.
gollark: Well, your message was NSFW despite rule 4 saying you needed to cease that.
gollark: Also, sinthoriemanckindriew, have you made any complex™ rustPROJECTS™?
gollark: Yes.

See also

Notes
  1. Mark Bittman, Who Protects the Animals?, The New York Times, April 26, 2011
  2. Jacob Chamberlain, Fracking Activists Could Face Felony Charges as "Ag-Gag" Laws Spread, Common Dreams, May 9, 2013.
  3. Matt McGrath, US animal activist laws 'may impact globally', BBC News, 12 April 2013.
  4. Ceryes, Caitlin A.; Heaney, Christopher D. (2019). ""Ag-Gag" Laws: Evolution, Resurgence, and Public Health Implications". New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy. 28 (4): 664–682. doi:10.1177/1048291118808788. PMC 7195182. PMID 30451569.
  5. Woodhouse, Leighton Akio (July 31, 2013). "Charged With the Crime of Filming a Slaughterhouse". The Nation. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  6. "Ag Gag: Safeguarding Industry Secrets by Punishing the Messenger" Archived 2014-07-18 at the Wayback Machine, Food Integrity Campaign, Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  7. Animal Welfare Activists File Lawsuit To Overturn Utah 'Ag Gag' Law, Associated Press, July 22, 2013.
  8. Runyon, Luke (August 3, 2015). "Judge Strikes Down Idaho 'Ag-Gag' Law, Raising Questions For Other States". NPR. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
  9. "Right to Farm Bill 2019". parliament.nsw.gov.au. 21 November 2019.
  10. Gregoire, Paul (July 26, 2019). "NSW Government Criminalises Animal Rights Activism". Sydney Criminal Lawyers.
  11. "Criminal Code Amendment (Agricultural Protection) Act 2019". legislation.gov.au. Retrieved August 6, 2020.
  12. Bettles, Colin (September 13, 2019). "Farm invasion bill passes Federal Parliament". sheepcentral.com.
  13. Heidenreich, Phil (2019-11-19). "UCP bill to protect Alberta property owners from liability for injured trespassers receives 1st reading". Global News. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  14. Johnson, Lisa (2019-11-19). "UCP proposes more protections for rural property owners". Edmonton Journal. Postmedia Network. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  15. "Security from Trespass and Protecting Food Safety Act, 2020". Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  16. Pfeffer, Amanda (2020-01-25). "Animal rights activists decry Ontario bill that would limit farm protests". CBC News. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
  17. Mitchell, Kaitlyn (February 6, 2020). "Ontario "Ag Gag" Bill is Unconstitutional, Say Leading Legal Experts". Animal Justice.
  18. Currie, Keith (June 12, 2020). "Bill 156 protects the safety of Ontario's farm and food supply". Ontario Federation of Agriculture.
  19. Ashley (June 24, 2020). "Bill to allow up to $25K fine for protesters who interfere with livestock haulers". cdllife.com.
  20. "Ag-Gag Laws - Why Are Ag-Gag Laws Harmful?". Animal Legal Defense Fund. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
  21. "What Is Ag-Gag Legislation?". ASPCA.
  22. Grabenstein, Hannah (June 26, 2019). "Lawsuit calls Arkansas "ag-gag" law unconstitutional". Associated Press. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
  23. Griesmyer, Kathy (August 3, 2015). "Idaho "Ag-Gag" Law Ruled Unconstitutional in Federal Court". ACLU Idaho. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
  24. Laird, Rox (January 9, 2019). "Federal Judge Strikes Down Iowa 'Ag-Gag' Law". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
  25. Bhandari, Esha (January 22, 2019). "Court Rules 'Ag-Gag' Law Criminalizing Undercover Reporting Violates the First Amendment". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
  26. Hegeman, Roxana (December 4, 2018). "Lawsuit: Kansas "Ag-Gag" law violates free speech rights". Associated Press. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
  27. Robertson, Gary D. (June 15, 2020). "Judge Throws Out Parts of N.C. Workplace Undercover Law". U.S. News & World Report.
  28. "PEOPLE FOR THE ETHICAL TREATMENT OF ANIMALS, INC., ET AL. V STEIN, ET AL". pacermonitor.com. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  29. Chappell, Bill (July 8, 2017). "Judge Overturns Utah's 'Ag-Gag' Ban On Undercover Filming At Farms". NPR. Retrieved July 29, 2019.
  30. Bollard, Lewis (17 May 2013). "The terrible price of ag-gag laws". New York Daily News. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  31. Glynn T. Tonsor and Nicole J. Olynk, U.S. Meat Demand: The Influence of Animal Welfare Media Coverage, Kansas State University, September 2010
  32. "Undercover Investigations: Exposing Animal Abuse". Mercy for Animals. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  33. Galli, Cynthia; Hill, Angela; Momtaz, Rym. "McDonald's, Target Dump Egg Supplier After Investigation". ABC News. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  34. "Statement of Opposition to Proposed "Ag-Gag" Laws from Broad Spectrum of Interest Groups". Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
  35. Brooke Adams, Animals rights activists say Utah ag gag law unconstitutional, Salt Lake City Tribune, July 23, 2012.
  36. "Taking Ag-Gag to Court - Animal Legal Defense Fund". Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  37. Griesmyer, Kathy (3 August 2015). "Idaho "Ag-Gag" Law Ruled Unconstitutional in Federal Court". ACLU Idaho. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  38. "Federal Judge: Idaho Ag Gag Law Is Unconstitutional". Boise State Public Radio. Associated Press. 4 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  39. Chapell, Bill (8 July 2017). "Judge Overturns Utah's 'Ag-Gag' Ban On Undercover Filming At Farms". National Public Radio. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  40. "Court Rules Iowa Ag-Gag Law Unconstitutional in Major Victory for Free Speech and Animal Protection". Animal Legal Defense Fund. 9 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  41. Cooke, Christina (26 June 2017). "The Battle For Transparency on North Carolina Factory Farms". Civil Eats. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  42. Prieskop, Victoria (30 October 2018). "Judge Strikes Down Wyoming 'Ag-Gag' Laws". Courthouse News Service.
  43. Flynn, Dan (6 December 2018). "Nation's oldest "ag-gag" law challenged by animal legal activists". Food Safety News. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.