African forest buffalo

The African forest buffalo (Syncerus caffer nanus), also known as the dwarf buffalo and the Congo buffalo, is the smallest subspecies of the African buffalo.[1] It is related to the Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer caffer), the Sudan buffalo (Syncerus caffer brachyceros) and the Nile buffalo (Syncerus caffer aequinoctialis). However, it is the only subspecies that occurs mainly in the rainforests of central and western Africa with an annual rainfall around 1,500 mm.[2]

African forest buffalo
At the San Diego Zoo

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Bovinae
Genus: Syncerus
Species:
S. caffer
Subspecies:
S. c. nanus
Trinomial name
Syncerus caffer nanus
(Boddaert, 1785)

Description

The African forest buffalo is a small subspecies of the African buffalo. Cape buffalo weigh anywhere from 400 to 800 kg (880–1760 lbs), whereas African forest buffalo are much lighter, weighing in at 250 to 320 kg (550–705 lbs).[1] Weight is not the only differentiation, however; this subspecies has a reddish-brown hide that is darker in the facial area. The shape and size of the horns distinguish African forest buffalo from the other subspecies. African forest buffalo have much smaller horns than their savanna counterparts the Cape, Sudan and Nile buffalo.[1][3] Cape buffalo horns often grow and fuse together, but African forest buffalo horns rarely fuse.

Ecology
Wild African forest buffalo at Loango National Park, Gabon

African forest buffalo live in the rainforests of West and Central Africa;[2] however, their home ranges typically consist of a combination of marshes, grassy savannas and the wet African rainforests. Savannas are the area where the buffalo graze, while the marshes serve as wallows and help with the insects.[4] African forest buffalo are very rarely observed in the unbroken canopy of the forests.[5][6] They instead spend most of their time in clearings, grazing on grasses and sedges.[7] Consequently, their diet is primarily made up of grasses and other plants that grow in clearings and savannas.[8]

The mixture of habitats is essential for the African forest buffalo. Expansion and encroachment of the rainforest on the surrounding savannas and openings are major difficulties of maintaining the ecosystem. African forest buffalo enjoy old logging roads and tracks, where the forest is thinner and grass and other foods can grow. In these areas, African forest buffalo depend on the grass that is able to develop as a result of the areas that have been previously clear-cut.[9] In some areas park management staff burn off the savannas on a regular basis to keep the rainforest from growing onto the savannas and changing the ecosystem of the area.[10]

Large home ranges can be associated with less-productive habitats;[11] however, a larger area of open grassland has been observed to have a positive relationship with herd size.[12] Home ranges remain remarkably constant and stable year after year. The only documentation of the actual home range boundaries of these animals is relatively recent, so only time will tell how these boundaries remain over large lengths of time; however, studies have shown almost no movement in range boundaries from one year to the next.[1][3]

Although the area included in a home range is relatively constant over time, the preferences in regard to what part of the range is most used shift with the seasons. From March until August, African forest buffalo spend most of their time in the forest, while from September through February, they favor the savannas and marshes.[3][13]

African forest buffalo arrange themselves into herds, which help in defense against predators; however, they are not immune to assault. Among predators, the African leopard is the most common, but is generally only a threat to young buffaloes and will feast on them only when they have the opportunity. The Nile crocodile is the only predator which is capable of killing an adult buffalo.[10]

Social behavior
Head of an African forest buffalo

African forest buffalo have relatively small herds compared to the well-studied Cape buffalo. Cape buffalo can have herds of over 1,000 members; however, African forest buffalo stay in much smaller groups—as small as three and rarely over 30. If African forest buffalo are in a large group, they spend more time grazing, since there is less need to devote time to alert behavior.[14]

A herd of African forest buffalo typically consists of one or occasionally two bulls and a harem of adult females, juveniles and young calves. Unlike Cape buffalo bulls, African forest buffalo bulls remain with the herd continually, year round. On the other hand, Cape buffalo bulls stay in bachelor herds until the wet season, when young bulls join the females, mate, help protect the young calves and then leave. Animals usually remain in the same herd for their entire lives. Herd-switching in cows has been observed; however, this is not a common occurrence.[15] Herds can split into two groups for a short period of time before merging back together.[16]

African forest buffalo are relatively unaffected by seasonal cycles. However, in the wet season, herds are more spread out in the forest[16][17] and these animals tend to use resting places based on sand during the wet season, but use dirt and leaves during the dry season.[6] Moreover, in open habitats such as clearings, herds are more aggregated when resting and are more rounded in shape than herds in forest habitats during the wet season.[18]

Notes
  1. Korte 115
  2. Melletti et al. 1312
  3. Melletti M. and Burton J. (eds). 2014.
  4. Korte 123
  5. Blake 81
  6. Melletti, Penteriani, and Boitani 186
  7. Melletti et al. 1313
  8. van der Hoek et al. 1
  9. Bekheis, Jong, and Prins 674
  10. Korte 116
  11. Korte 122
  12. Korte 234
  13. Korte 121
  14. Melletti et al. 1315
  15. Korte 125
  16. Melletti et al. 1316
  17. Melletti et al. 1317
  18. Melletti et al. 1318>Melletti M. and Burton J. (Eds). 2014. Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Wild Cattle. Implications for Conservation (Cambridge University Press).
gollark: I still don't understand why you think this would be any use?
gollark: Also, the distance between Earth and Mars is not actually constant, so that adds extra !!FUN!!.
gollark: What's the advantage of this?
gollark: What's the point of keeping time so weirdly?
gollark: Oh, you're just suggesting a weird time system for Mars? Why?

References
  • Bekhuis, Patricia D.B.M.; De Jong, Christine B.; Prins, Herbert H. T. (2008). "Diet selection and density estimates of forest buffalo in Campo-Ma'an National Park, Cameroon". African Journal of Ecology. 46 (#4): 668–675. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.00956.x.
  • Blake, Stephen (2002). "Forest Buffalo Prefer Clearings to Closed-canopy Forest in the Primary Forest of Northern Congo". Oryx. 36 (#1): 81–86. doi:10.1017/S0030605302000121.
  • Hoek, Yntze van der; Lustenhouwer Ivo; Jefferry Kathryn J.; Hooft Pim van (2012). "Potential Effects of Prescribed Savannah Burning on the Diet Selection of Forest Buffalo (Syncerus Caffer Nanus) in Lope´ National Park, Gabon". African Journal of Ecology. 51 (#1): 94–101. doi:10.1111/aje.12010.
  • Korte, Lisa M (2008). "Habitat Selection at Two Spatial Scales and Diurnal Activity Patterns of Adult Female Forest Buffalo". Journal of Mammalogy. 89 (#1): 115–125. doi:10.1644/06-MAMM-A-423.1.
  • Korte, Lisa M (2008). "Variation of Group Size Among African Buffalo Herds in a Forest-savanna Mosaic Landscape". Journal of Zoology. 275 (#3): 229–236. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00430.x.
  • Korte, Lisa M (2009). "Herd-switching in Adult Female African Forest Buffalo Syncerus Caffer Nanus". African Journal of Ecology. 47 (#1): 125–127. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.00978.x.
  • Melletti M.; Penteriani V.; Boitani L. (2007). "Habitat Preferences of the Secretive Forest Buffalo Syncerus Caffer Nanus in Central Africa" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 271 (#2): 178–186. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00196.x. hdl:10261/62369.
  • Melletti, Mario; Penteriani Vincenzo; Mirabile Marzia; Boitani Luigi (2007). "Some Behavioral Aspects of Forest Buffalo (Syncerus Caffer Nanus): From Herd to Individual". Journal of Mammalogy. 88 (#5): 1312–1318. doi:10.1644/06-MAMM-A-240R1.1.
  • Melletti, Mario; Penteriani, Vincenzo; Mirabile, Marzia; Boitani, Luigi (2008). "Effects of habitat and season on the grouping of forest buffalo resting places". African Journal of Ecology. 47: 121–124. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.00965.x. hdl:10261/62295.
  • Melletti, Mario; M. M. Delgado; Penteriani Vincenzo; Mirabile Marzia; Boitani Luigi (2010). "Spatial properties of a forest buffalo herd and individual positioning as a response to environmental cues and social behaviour". Journal of Ethology. 28 (#3): 421–428. doi:10.1007/s10164-009-0199-z. hdl:10261/62522.
  • Melletti M.; Burton J. 2014. (eds.). Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Wild Cattle. Implications for Conservation (Cambridge University Press).
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