Advanced Accelerator Applications

Advanced Accelerator Applications (AAA) is a pharmaceutical group specialized in the field of nuclear medicine.[1] The group operates in all three segments of nuclear medicine (PET, SPECT and therapy) to diagnose and treat serious conditions in the fields of oncology, neurology, cardiology, infectious and inflammatory diseases.[2]

Advanced Accelerator Applications
IndustryPharmaceuticals
Founded2002 (2002)
HeadquartersSaint-Genis-Pouilly, France
Key people
Sidonie Golombowski-Daffner, Chairperson and President
ProductsGLUSCAN, DOPAVIEW, FLUOROCHOL/AAACHOLINE, NETSPOT, SOMAKIT TOC
RevenueN/A
Number of employees
>1000
Websiteadacap.com

In late October 2017, Reuters announced that Novartis would acquire the company for $3.9 billion, paying $41 per ordinary share and $82 per American depositary share representing a 47 percent premium.[3] On January 22, 2018, Novartis AG (NYSE: NVS) announced the successful completion of the tender offer by its subsidiary, Novartis Groupe France S.A.[4]

History

AAA was created in 2002 by Italian physicist Stefano Buono to exploit a patent from the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN).[5]

AAA currently has a total of 31 sites in 12 countries, including: 19 production facilities in 8 countries (in Europe and the U.S.) that manufacture targeted radioligand therapies and precision imaging radioligands, and 6 sites with R&D activity.


Products

AAA has a portfolio of diagnostic and therapeutic applications and products in the fields of Molecular Imaging and Therapy. [6] The group’s portfolio of radiopharmaceuticals includes radioactive agents for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging as well as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) diagnostic products.[7]

Lutathera
See also: Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy

The company's lead product is LUTATHERA, a Lutetium Lu 177 dotatate [8] labeled somatostatin analogue peptide, a theragnostic cancer product being developed to treat certain gastro-entero pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). It selectively targets over-expressed somatostatin receptors while also giving off gamma emissions to allow physicians to visualize where in the body both the drug and the tumor are. It was approved by the FDA in January 2018 for GEP-NET.[9]

Approval

Lutathera, also known as lutetium Lu 177 dotatate, is a target treatment drug for patients suffering from GEP-NETs.[10] Its approval for Advanced Accelerator Applications was announced on January 26, 2018 by the US Food and Drug Administration.[11] Lutathera is most notable as the first FDA approved peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) to combat GEP-NETs.[12]

GEP-NETs

GEP-NETs are rare groups of cancer that continue to proliferate, regardless of initial therapy treatments.[10] They are present in areas affected by pancreatic or gastrointestinal cancers; specifically, the pancreas, stomach, intestines, colon and rectum.[11]

Use

Lutathera is used to combat pancreatic and gastrointestinal cancers that do not respond well to common chemotherapeutical treatments; namely for patients with somatostatin receptor-positive GEP-NETs.[10][11] These receptors are commonly found on tumors located in the foregut, midgut, and hindgut.[13]

Mechanism

Lutathera is a radioactive drug consisting of a tyrosine-containing somatostatin analog Tyr3-octreotate (TATE) attached to the chelating agent tetraazacyclododecanetetra-acetic acid (DOTA).[14] Attached to the dotatate is the radioactive marker Lu-177, a radioisotope.[10] The dotatate binds to the GEP-NET positive somatostatin receptor cells commonly present on neuroendocrine tumors.[10][14] After binding to the receptor, Lutathera enters the cell and uses its radioactive property to damage DNA.[10] This mechanism effectively triggers apoptosis of cancerous tumor cells. As a result, studies found that 16% of patients being treated with Lutathera experienced either complete or partial tumor shrinkage.[10]

Studies

FDA approval of Lutathera was ultimately supported by two clinical studies.[11] NETTER-1, a Phase 3 study, was a randomized clinical trial which included patients with a severe form of somatostatin receptor-positive NETs.[10][12] The study compared Lutathera treatment with a standard dose of octreotided LAR against a high-dose of octreotide LAR.[10] Researchers measured tumor growth after the course of the treatment, also known as progression-free survival.[11] The study concluded that patients who were treated with Lutathera lived substantially longer compared to those who only received the octreotide treatment.[10] They experienced a 79% reduction in death and cancer progression.[12]

The Netherlands study gathered several patients with somatostatin receptor-positive tumors, including patients with GEP-NETs.[10] The study found that 16% of patients with GEP-NETs, who were treated with Lutathera, experienced complete or partial tumor shrinkage.[10] As a result, a pre-planned interim overall survival analysis found that Lutathera treatment lead to a 48% reduction in risk of death.[12]

Common Grade 3-4 Adverse Reactions[10][11][12][13]
Common problems Symptoms/Reactions Percent of patients affected
Nausea 5%
Vomiting 7%
Hyperglycemia 4%
Hypokalemia 4%
Liver problems
Increased Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase 20%
Elevated AST 5%
Increased ALT 4%
Tumor bleeding
Swelling (edema)
Tissue injury (necrosis)
Bone Marrow problems
Myelodysplastic syndrome 2%
Acute leukemia 1%
Kidney problems
Kidney failure 2%
Neuroendocrine hormonal crisis
Hypotension 1%
Bronchospasm
Myelosuppression 1%
Lymphopenia 44%
Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Leukopenia
Neutropenia
Cardiac problems
Myocardial infarction 1%
Cardiac failure 2%
Embryo-Fetal Toxicity
Causes harm to unborn fetuses
Temporary Infertility
May cause infertility

Advances

Lutathera is a major technological advancement for the detection of tumors. Diagnostic imaging that relies on dotatates can now rely on Lutathera to locate somatostatin receptor-positive tumors by tagging them with its radioactive component.[10] This tagging of tumors will allow them to become more visible during positron emission tomography (PET) scans.[10] With LU-177 dotatates, more somatostatin receptor-positive GEP-NET patients can be identified for treatment of the disease.[10]

Pipeline

AAA has a broad pipeline of products in development, including several theragnostic pairings for oncology indications.

NETSPOT and SomaKit TOC are novel kits for radiolabeling somatostatin analogue peptides to help diagnose somatostatin receptor-positive NET lesions. Each kit has received orphan drug designation from both the EMA and the FDA.[15][16]

99MTc-rhAnnexin V-128, a SPECT investigational candidate for the diagnosis and assessment of apoptotic and necrotic processes, which are present in a number of pathological conditions in oncology and cardiovascular disease, as well as in autoimmune disorders. 99MTc-rhAnnexin V-128 is currently in a Phase I/II trial for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis, as well as several Phase II studies in cardiovascular, cardio-oncology, and pulmonary indications.

177LuPSMA-R2 and 68GaPSMA-R2 are in development to treat, image, monitor and stage prostate cancer. PSMA-R2 is a ligand of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA), expressed on the majority of prostate tumor cells. 177LuPSMA-R2 is being developed to treat prostate cancer and 68GaPSMA-R2 is under development as its complementary diagnostic candidate.

CTT1057 is an 18F-labeled investigational diagnostic candidate in development for PET imaging of prostate cancer. CTT1057 is a phosphoramidate-based peptide, which specifically binds to Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA), expressed on the majority of prostate tumor cells.

177LuNeoBOMB1 and 68GaNeoBOMB1 are new generation antagonist bombesin analogs in development to treat, image, monitor and stage gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR)-expressing malignancies, such as such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), prostate cancer and breast cancer. 177LuNeoBOMB1 is a therapeutic candidate and 68GaNeoBOMB1 is its complementary diagnostic candidate.

Millburn site

In 2016, AAA opened a light manufacturing and distribution site in Millburn, NJ, a residential town in North Jersey.[17] When the site was first purchased, it caused substantial concerns among local residents.[18] Per the requests of Millburn Residents, the Township Committee hired a nuclear/radiology expert to re-assess the appropriateness of opening a radioactive manufacturing site in the residential area.[19] The expert concluded that the proposed operations at AAA are safe and pose no hazard to the citizens of Millburn.[20][21]

gollark: Do they only work in lines, or can you put something beside the "AND"s?
gollark: UNLESS you edit the source code/data or find an exploit allowing you to edit it anyway? MWAHAHAHAHAHASFAHFBSHAB SHFAHS FH ASFHAH sdas fjas fas f etcetera.
gollark: ... probably.
gollark: Well, unless you can go past the yellow rock things somehow, it seems like wall is you is basically the ønly solution.
gollark: That is 1000 grammar.

References
  1. PrivateEquityWire, "Advanced Accelerator Applications completes fundraising", Feb 18th, 2014
  2. Il Sole 24 Ore, “Dal Cern and Biopark canavese”, March 12th, 2014
  3. http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-novartis-advanced-accelerator/novartis-to-buy-frances-advanced-accelerator-for-3-9-billion-idUKKBN1CZ0KM
  4. Novartis Completes Tender Offer for Advanced Accelerator Applications Jan 2018
  5. AdnKronos,“ Research: from Rubbia to AAA, great success for an Italian physicist with European company”. March 19th, 2010.
  6. "Advanced Accelerator Applications Nuclear Medicine Glossary". Archived from the original on 2015-04-13. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
  7. "Medicaldevicedaily.com, "AAA to increase clinical trials of MNM diagnostic products", Febr 19th, 2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-08. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
  8. [https://hemonc.org/wiki/Lutetium_Lu_177_dotatate_(Lutathera)
  9. FDA approves Lutathera for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors Jan 2018
  10. "FDA Approves New Treatment for Neuroendocrine Tumors". National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
  11. Commissioner, Office of the. "Press Announcements - FDA approves new treatment for certain digestive tract cancers". www.fda.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
  12. "Advanced Accelerator Applications Receives FDA Approval for Lutathera® for Treatment of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors | Novartis". Novartis. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
  13. "For Patients - Lutathera". Lutathera. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
  14. "NCI Drug Dictionary". National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
  15. Devicespace.com, “Advanced Accelerator Applications Receives Orphan Drug Designation From FDA And European Medicines Agency For Gallium-68 DOTATATE For Use In Patients With Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors” Archived 2014-04-08 at the Wayback Machine. 3 March 2014.
  16. News Medical, "AAA gets orphan drug designation status for radiopharmaceutical, Gallium-68 DOTATATE". 4 March 2014.
  17. Danielle Desisto. "Millburn manufacturing site safely produces cancer-fighting drug".
  18. "Concerns raised about proposed cancer drug factory in Millburn"
  19. Cecilia Levine. "Nuclear meds expert hired". The Record. 7 May 2015.
  20. Jonathan Sym. "Advanced Accelerator Application Investigation Results: Risks Are “Close To Zero Without Being Zero” Says Expert". Tap Into Millburn/Short Hills. 18 February 2016.
  21. Harry Trumbore. "Expert says radiopharmaceutical factory proposed for Millburn is safe" . 11 February 2016
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