Adelicia Acklen

Adelicia Hayes Franklin Acklen Cheatham (March 15, 1817 – May 4, 1887), best known as Adelicia Acklen, became the wealthiest female enslaver in Tennessee and a plantation owner in her own right after the 1846 death of her first husband, Isaac Franklin. As a successful slave trader, he had used his wealth to purchase numerous plantations, lands, and slaves in Tennessee and Louisiana. Acklen later in 1880 sold four contiguous plantations in Louisiana as one property. These have formed the grounds of the Louisiana State Penitentiary (also known as "Angola" after one of the plantations) since 1901.

Adelicia Acklen
Born
Adelicia Hayes

March 15, 1817
Nashville, Tennessee
DiedMay 4, 1887 (1887-05-05) (aged 70)
New York, New York
Resting placeMount Olivet Cemetery
OccupationPlanter, socialite
Spouse(s)
Children10, including Joseph H. Acklen and William Hayes Ackland
RelativesRichard Cheatham (third father-in-law)

When married to her second husband, Joseph Alexander Smith Acklen, Adelicia Acklen built the Belmont Mansion in Nashville, Tennessee. She sold the property in 1887; it was converted for use as a college campus. It is now operated as a museum at the center of what is now known as Belmont University.

Early life

Adelicia Hayes was born on March 15, 1817, in Nashville, Tennessee.[1][2][3] Her parents were Northerners: her father was Oliver Bliss Hayes (1783–1858), a lawyer and later Presbyterian minister from South Hadley, Massachusetts. He was related to Rutherford B. Hayes (1822–1893), the 19th President of the United States from 1877 to 1881.[3] Her mother was Sarah Clements (Hightower) Hayes (1795–1871).[3] They lived at Rokeby.[3]

Adult life
The Belmont Mansion.

In 1839, at age 22, Hayes married Isaac Franklin (1789–1846), a 50-year-old slave trader and planter.[4] He started fully concentrating on his plantations by 1841, mostly in Louisiana. The couple had four children together: Victoria (1840–1846), Adelicia (1842–1846), Julius Caesar (1844–1844) and Emma Franklin (1844–1855), none of whom survived childhood.[3]

In 1846, Franklin died, and Adelicia Franklin inherited the Fairvue Plantation in Gallatin, Tennessee, 8,700 acres (35 km2) in four cotton plantations in Louisiana, more than 50,000 acres (200 km2) of undeveloped land in Texas, stocks and bonds, and 750 slaves, who had high value in the South.[1][5] The widow Franklin became the wealthiest woman in Tennessee.[3]

In 1849, the widow Franklin married a second time, to Joseph Alexander Smith Acklen (1816–1863).[1][6] Together, they built the Belmont Mansion outside Nashville for use as a summer estate, complete with gardens and a zoo.[1][5][7][8] They had six children; two daughters died young, Laura (1852–1855) and Corinne (1852–1855). The others made careers and families: Joseph H. Acklen (1850–1938) became a politician and served as U.S. Representative from Louisiana; William Hayes Ackland (1855–1940) was an attorney, writer and art collector; Claude M. Acklen (1857–1920)[9], and Pauline (1859–1931) married a Mr. Lockett.[3]

Joseph A. S. Acklen died in 1863. Later, Adelicia Acklen married Dr. William Archer Cheatham (1820–1900), a physician and head of the State Insane Asylum. His father, Richard Cheatham (1799–1845), had served one term as United States Representative from Tennessee.[3] However, she soon grew dissatisfied with this marriage and moved to Washington, D. C., where she lived at 1776 Massachusetts Avenue.[3]

In 1887, Acklen Cheatham sold the Belmont Mansion in Nashville. It was later used as a girls academy and then for Ward–Belmont College (which eventually was developed as Belmont University).[8][10][11]

Acklen had leased and then sold the plantations in Louisiana in 1880. In 1901, the state bought four of them, including the one known as Angola, which became the nickname of the Louisiana State Penitentiary it developed on these lands.

Death

Acklen died on a shopping trip in New York City on May 4, 1887, at the age of seventy.[3] She was buried at the Mount Olivet Cemetery in Nashville, Tennessee.[12]

gollark: ?tag create blub Graham considers a hypothetical Blub programmer. When the programmer looks down the "power continuum", he considers the lower languages to be less powerful because they miss some feature that a Blub programmer is used to. But when he looks up, he fails to realise that he is looking up: he merely sees "weird languages" with unnecessary features and assumes they are equivalent in power, but with "other hairy stuff thrown in as well". When Graham considers the point of view of a programmer using a language higher than Blub, he describes that programmer as looking down on Blub and noting its "missing" features from the point of view of the higher language.
gollark: ?tag blub Graham considers a hypothetical Blub programmer. When the programmer looks down the "power continuum", he considers the lower languages to be less powerful because they miss some feature that a Blub programmer is used to. But when he looks up, he fails to realise that he is looking up: he merely sees "weird languages" with unnecessary features and assumes they are equivalent in power, but with "other hairy stuff thrown in as well". When Graham considers the point of view of a programmer using a language higher than Blub, he describes that programmer as looking down on Blub and noting its "missing" features from the point of view of the higher language.
gollark: > As long as our hypothetical Blub programmer is looking down the power continuum, he knows he's looking down. Languages less powerful than Blub are obviously less powerful, because they're missing some feature he's used to. But when our hypothetical Blub programmer looks in the other direction, up the power continuum, he doesn't realize he's looking up. What he sees are merely weird languages. He probably considers them about equivalent in power to Blub, but with all this other hairy stuff thrown in as well. Blub is good enough for him, because he thinks in Blub.
gollark: Imagine YOU are a BLUB programmer.
gollark: Imagine a language which is UTTERLY generic in expressiveness and whatever, called blub.

References
  1. Belmont Mansion history
  2. E.D. Thompson, Nashville Nostalgia, Westview Publishing, 2003, p. 33
  3. James A. Hoobler, Sarah Hunter Marks, Nashville: From the Collection of Carl and Otto Giers, Arcadia Publishing, 2000, p. 36
  4. Wendell Holmes Stephenson (1938). Isaac Franklin: Slave Trader and Planter of the Old South, With Plantation Records. Louisiana State University Press. p. 52.
  5. Christine M. Kreyling, Wesley Paine, Charles W. Warterfield, Susan Ford Wiltshire, Classical Nashville: Athens of the South, Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Press, 1996, p. 105
  6. James A. Hoobler, A Guide to Historic Nashville, Tennessee, Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press, 2008, p. 120
  7. Daniel W. Barefoot, Haunted Halls of Ivy: Ghosts of Southern Colleges and Universities, John F. Blair Publisher, 2004, p. 129
  8. Belmont University history Archived 2010-05-27 at the Wayback Machine
  9. Claude Melnot Acklen (1857-1920) - Find A Grave Memorial
  10. Amelia Whitsitt Edwards, Nashville Interiors, 1866 to 1922, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 1999, p. 107
  11. Reid Smith, Majestic Middle Tennessee, Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing, 1998, p. 122
  12. Phillips, Betsy (October 11, 2011). "The Confederate Cemetery Tour at Mt. Olivet". Nashville Scene. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
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