Adelaide of Poland

Adelaide of Poland (Polish: Adelajda Kazimierzówna) (c. late 1170s / early 1180s – 8 December 1211), was a Polish princess and member of the Piast dynasty.

Adelaide of Poland
Fragment of an image of Adelaide in the Dominican Church of Sandomierz.
Born	ca. late 1170s / early 1180s
Died	8 December 1211
House	House of Piast (by birth)
Father	Casimir II the Just
Mother	Helen of Znojmo

She was the daughter of Casimir II the Just, Duke of Sandomierz and High Duke of Poland, by his wife Helena of Znojmo, a Přemyslid princess.

On the basis of the inscription of her tombstone at the Dominican Church and Convent of St. James in Sandomierz and two different reports by Jan Długosz,[1] modern historians agreed with the origin and facts from Adelaide's life. Today existed a dominant view in historiography consistent with her filiation and death date. According to them, Adelaide was indeed the daughter of Casimir II the Just and died in 1211, but wasn't the foundress of the Convent of St. James and only another nun there.[2] In the 19th century, appeared a theory which states that Adelaide was the daughter of Casimir I of Kuyavia, who entered in the Convent of St. James as a nun and died there in 1291.[3] This view, accepted by several scholars, has been disputed. More recent historiography recognized her as the daughter of Casimir II the Just, founder of the Convent, in which was she buried after her death in 1211.[4]

Life

Jan Długosz reported that Adelaide was the daughter of Casimir II the Just.[5] It is unknown when she was born. The fact that she never married and became a nun, supports the presumption that at the time of her father's death in 1194 her future had not yet been decided.[6] Her birth date was placed between the late 1170s and early 1180s.[6] By convention among the offspring of Casimir II and Helena of Znojmo she is placed in the fifth place, after Odon (who died in infancy) and before Leszek I the White and Konrad I of Masovia.[6]

The origin of her name is unclear. Historians have posed three theories about it:[7]

• She was probably named after Casimir's maternal grandmother Adelaide of Mochental, mother of Salomea of Berg. However the chronological distance between the Countess of Berg and the Piast princess was significant, and thus it might be unlikely that Casimir II named his daughter for his grandmother.
• Another possibility was that Bolesław III Wrymouth and Salomea of Berg had a daughter named Adelaide who died in infancy (and for this reason is not mentioned in sources) whose tomb would be in the country, and Casimir II named his daughter after her.
• She could have been named after Adelaida Zbyslava, daughter of Bolesław I the Tall, Casimir II's nephew and ally for several years. In this case, Adelaide would have been born between 1177 and 1184, when Casimir and Bolesław were allied.

Tombstone of Adelaide at St. James Convent, Sandomierz.

Adelaide was the foundress of the Convent of St. James in Sandomierz, where in 1226 thanks to Iwo Odrowąż, Bishop of Kraków, the Dominicans settled.[8] She probably was also a nun in the Sanctuary of St. Jadwiga in Trzebnica during the rule of the first Abbess Petrissa.[9]

She died on 8 December 1211,[10] and was buried at the Convent of St. James.

Her Gothic tombstone was founded at the end of the 14th or early 15th century.[11] It included a carved convex form of a woman wearing a long dress and coat, with her head resting on a pillow and her hands clasped in prayer. Around the figure is a contains Latin inscription:

hic iacet domicella adleais filia ducis kazimiri fundatrix ilius convet' et obit anno domini milesimo ccxi.

In English: Here lies Lady Adelaide, daughter of Duke Casimir, foundress of the monastery and died in the year of our Lord 1211.

The inscription on the tombstone that mentioned Adelaide as the foundress of the Convent was known by Jan Długosz, but was translated by the Dominicans, and this probably resulted in the error of the source.

The theory of a Kuyavian origin

The head of Adelaide on the doors of St. James' Church in Sandomierz.

In the 19th century an incompatible theory arose regarding Adelaide's origins. It was assumed that the Piast princess buried in the Dominican Church of Sandomierz was a nun and not the foundress. Since the Convent was established in 1226, it seems impossible that she could have died in 1211. It's considered unlikely that she was the daughter of Casimir II the Just, because this supposed that she took the veil at the late age of 40 or previously lived in another Monastic rule.[12] The doubt arose about the paternity of the Casimir II made historians recognize Adelaide as the daughter of Casimir I of Kuyavia.[13]

It was proposed that she was born shortly before 7 April 1249 from the second marriage of the Kuyavian Duke with Constance, daughter of Henry II the Pious, Duke of Wrocław.[14] After 1278 she entered into the Dominican Convent in Sandomierz, located in the lands of her brother Leszek II the Black.[12] The title of foundress placed in her tombstone was probably thanks to either her prestige or through the intercession of her brother Leszek II.[15] She died on 8 December 1291 and the year of 1211 on the tombstone was explained as carelessness of the sculptor.[16]

This interpretation, which was accepted by historians for many years, has been questioned in more recent times.[17] As where mentioned the reports of Jan Długosz, who supposedly named Adelaide as a nun in the Dominican Convent; a further examination of this showed that a woman couldn't be a nun in a manly Order and the chronicler, indeed, never mentioned the religious Order of the princess.[18]

Another fact which supports the view that was Adelaide was not a Kuyavian Piast was that she was not directly mentioned in any contemporary sources related to genealogy or filiation. If Adelaide was indeed the daughter of Casimir I and Constance, she would have been mentioned in the Genealogii św. Jadwigi (Genealogy of St. Jadwiga), compiled before or at the latest during 1301, but only the two sons born from the second marriage of the Kuyavian Duke - Leszek II the Black and Ziemomysł - are mentioned. In addition, Adelaide was not mentioned in the Genealogy written by the Franciscan friar Henry of Brehna, nephew of Casimir I,[19] who would certainly never have omitted his own first cousin in the development of his work. In addition, at the time of this writing of the Genealogy, the Abbess of the Sanctuary of St. Jadwiga in Trzebnica was Constance, daughter of Ziemomysł of Kuyavia, and it would be unlikely that she would not have objected to the fact that her paternal aunt was not mentioned in this work. However, if Adelaide was born from the third marriage of Casimir I with Euphrosyne of Opole, she certainly wasn't mentioned in the Genealogii św. Jadwigi, but instead of Sandomierz, she must to be placed in a monastery located in the domains of her full-brothers.

Notes

1. J. Długosz: Liber beneficiorum dioecesis Cracoviensis, vol. 3, Monasteria, Cracoviae 1864, p. 455; J. Długosz: Roczniki czyli kroniki sławnego Królestwa Polskiego, book VI, Warsaw 1973, vol. 3, p. 222.
2. O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, Kraków 1895, p. 338; K. Jasiński: Rodowód Piastów małopolskich i kujawskich, Poznań – Wrocław 2001, p. 17.
3. O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, Kraków 1895, pp. 337–339.
4. K. Jasiński: Rodowód Piastów małopolskich i kujawskich, Poznań – Wrocław 2001, pp. 17–22.
5. J. Długosz: Roczniki czyli kroniki sławnego Królestwa Polskiego, book VI, Warsaw 1973, vol. 3, p. 222; J. Długosz: Liber beneficiorum dioecesis Cracoviensis, vol. 3, Monasteria, Cracoviae 1864, p. 455. The filiation given by Długosz was supported by K. Jasiński: Rodowód Piastów małopolskich i kujawskich, Poznań – Wrocław 2001, pp. 17–22.
6. K. Jasiński: Rodowód Piastów małopolskich i kujawskich, Poznań – Wrocław 2001, p. 21.
7. K. Jasiński: Rodowód Piastów małopolskich i kujawskich, Poznań – Wrocław 2001, pp. 20–21.
8. Jan Długosz in his work Roczniki czyli kroniki sławnego Królestwa Polskiego reported that in 1200 Adelaide founded the Dominican Convent. However, in the work Liber beneficiorum dioecesis Cracoviensis he said that she only founded a Church. O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, Kraków 1895, pp. 337–338 and K. Jasiński: Rodowód Piastów małopolskich i kujawskich, Poznań – Wrocław 2001, pp. 18–19, said that Adelaide founded a minor Church.
9. O. Balzer took this report from the 18th century chronicle of Arnold Teicher, quoted in the work of A. Bach: Geschichte und Beschreibung des fürstlichen jungfräulichen Klosterstiftes Cistercienser Ordens in Trebnitz..., issued in Nysa in 1859. However, this work considered that Adelaide was the daughter of Casimir I of Kuyavia and died in 1291. O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, Kraków 1895, p. 418.
10. Date given by Jan Długosz and accepted by O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, Kraków 1895, p. 339, and K. Jasiński: Rodowód Piastów małopolskich i kujawskich, Poznań – Wrocław 2001, pp. 21–22.
11. In favor of the earlier date was K. Jasiński: Rodowód Piastów małopolskich i kujawskich, Poznań – Wrocław 2001, p. 22, note. 46; in favor of the later one was S.A. Sroka: Adelajda, [in:] K. Ożóg, S. Szczur (ed.), Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1999.
12. O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, Kraków 1895, p. 338.
13. The first researcher who placed Adelaide as the daughter of Casimir I of Kuyavia was Ivan Vahylevych in his work Genealogia książąt i królów polskich od roku 880–1195. Aleksander Semkowicz support this view in his work Krytyczny rozbiór dziejów polskich Jana Długosza do roku 1384, Kraków 1887, p. 203. O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, Kraków 1895, pp. 337–339, exposed a complete argument who supported this view. However, modern historiography followed the opinion of Stosław Łaguna, who was one of the first who reaffirmed the fact that Adelaide was a daughter of Casimir II the Just in his work Rodowodzie Piastów, "Kwartalnik Historyczny" n°11, 1897, p. 767, like W. Dworzaczek: Genealogia, Warsaw 1959, tabl. 3 and K. Jasiński: Rodowód Piastów małopolskich i kujawskich, Poznań – Wrocław 2001, p. 17.
14. O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, Kraków 1895, p. 339, showed a document issued by Siemowit I of Masovia, Casimir I's brother on 7 April 1249 where he mentioned a family celebration, who he believes was the christening of Adelaide.
15. O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, Kraków 1895, pp. 338–339.
16. O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, Kraków 1895, pp. 338–339. Balzer claimed that the sculptor omitted a C letter — instead of MCCXCI he carved MCCXI.
17. K. Jasiński: Rodowód Piastów śląskich, vol. I, ed. II, Kraków 2007, p. 121, note 7, accused Balzer of basing his theory about Adelaide's origins on only suppositions and not actual facts corroborated in older sources.
18. Jacek Woroniecki in his work Św. Jacek Odrowąż i wprowadzenie Zakonu Kaznodziejskiego do Polski, Katowice 1947, p. 86, stated that Długosz only said that Adelaide was a pious woman dedicated to the service of God, from which O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, Kraków 1895, pp. 337-338 concluded that she was a nun. See K. Jasiński: Rodowód Piastów małopolskich i kujawskich, Poznań – Wrocław 2001, p. 18.
19. Son of Eudoxia of Masovia and Dietrich I, Count of Brehna and Wettin.

References

• Balzer, O (1895). Genealogia Piastów. Kraków.
• Jasiński, K. (2001). Rodowód Piastów małopolskich i kujawskich. Poznań.
• Sroka S. A., Adelajda, [in:] Ożóg K., Szczur S. (eds.), Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 1999, ISBN 83-08-02829-2, p. 210.