Achamana

Āchamanam (Sanskrit: आचमनम्, ācamanam) is part of any ritual in the Hindu tradition and is done in the starting. It is a purification ritual that is believed to cure all physical and mental impurities.[1]

Types of Āchamanam
See also: Sandhyavandanam

There are three types of Āchamanam,[2] namely, Śrautācamanam (Sanskrit: श्रौताचमनम्), Smṛtyācamanam (Sanskrit: स्मृत्याचमनम्)[note 1] and Purāṇācamanam (Sanskrit: पुराणाचमनम्)[note 2].

ācamanam trividham - śrautaṃ smārtaṃ paurāṇaṃ ceti
tatra pratyakṣaśruticoditaṃ śrautam, sūtroktaṃ smārtam
keśavādyaistribhiḥ pītveti vacanoktaṃ paurāṇam[3]

 Achamana is of three types - Śrautā, Smārta (as directed by Smritis) and Paurāṇā (as per puranas).
There Śrautācamanam is directly instructed by Śruti (i.e. Vedas), Smārtācamanam is formulated by dharmasūtras (i.e. Smṛti).
Sippping (of water) thrice with the (24) names (of Vishnu) starting with keśava is called Paurāṇācamanam

However, in Sandhyavandana, there exists fourth version of achamana, known as mantrācamana.

Śrautācamanam

In śrautācamanam, water is sipped thrice accompanied by the recitation of the three padas of Gayatri in succession. Then, 21 parts of the body are touched while the 21 mantras are recited the nine Abliṅgas [note 3] and the seven Vyahritis[note 4] i.e. names of the seven worlds preceded by pranava, the sacred syllable OM and the 3 padas of Gayatri siras. It is defined in ṣatkarma candrikā as[5]

devyāḥ pādaistribhiḥ pītvā abliṅgairnvabhiḥ spṛśet
saptavyāhṛtisaṃyuktā gāyatrī tripadā śiraḥ[note 5]
-ṣatkarma candrikā

Smṛtyācamanam

Smṛtyācamanam can be viewed as an abridged version of śrautācamanam. Water is sipped thrice accompanied by uttering svāhā. Then, 9 parts of the body are touched by recitation of the sutras that instruct this achamana.

Purāṇācamanam

Purāṇācamanam is done with the 24 names of Vishnu starting with keśava, etc.[note 6] The water is poured on the right hand palm, which made as gokurna sipped thrice with the first three names and both hands are washed with the next two names.[note 7] For the remaining 19 names different parts of body are ritually cleansed.

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References
  1. http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/sandhya/yv/achamanam-n.html
  2. K. Krishnaswami Aiyar (1901). "Esoteric Hinduism". Central Book Depot, Madras. p. 90.
  3. Taittirīya Sandhyā Bhāṣyam p.29, Sri Krishna Pandita, Vavilla Press (Chennai), 1916.
  4. The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary (4th edition), p. 113, V. S. Apte, Motilal Banarsidas, 1965.
  5. Kanva Sandhya Vyakshya, p. 15, Bhagavatula Lakshmipathi Sastri, Manjuvani Press, Ellore, 1914.
  6. https://www.transliteral.org/pages/z161214004903/view

Notes
  1. Also known as Smārtācamanam (Sanskrit: स्मार्ताचमनम्)
  2. Also known as Paurāṇācamanam (Sanskrit: पौराणाचमनम्)
  3. Abliṅga (अब्लिङ्ग).— apāṃ liṅgaṃ jñāpanasāmarthyaṃ yatra, A hymn or verse [Rv.1.9.1-3] addressed to the waters;] अब्लिङ्गानि जपेच्चैव गायत्रीं मनसा सकृत् (abliṅgāni japeccaiva gāyatrīṃ manasā sakṛt) Y.3.3.[4]
  4. Vyāhṛtī (व्याहृती) are the mystical utterances, seven in number, viz. “bhūḥ, bhuvaḥ, svaḥ, mahaḥ, janaḥ, tapaḥ, satyam”. Each of the vyāhṛtis are preceded by the [Praṇava] Om.
  5. देव्याः पादैस्त्रिभिः पीत्वा अब्लिङगैर्न्वभिः स्पृशेत्
    सप्तव्याहृतिसंयुक्ता गायत्री त्रिपदा शिरः
  6. चतुर्विंशतिनामानि तत्तत् स्थानेषु विन्यसेत्।
    केशवादीनि विन्यस्य पौरानाचमनं चरेत्॥ (विश्वामित्र कल्पः (1.1)
    caturviṃśatināmāni tattat sthāneṣu vinyaset
    keśavādīni vinyasya paurānācamanaṃ caret (viśvāmitra kalpaḥ (1.1)[6]
  7. केशवादि त्रिभिर्मन्त्रैः अपःपीत्वा यथाविधि।
    हस्तप्रक्षालनम् कार्यम् गोविन्दे नापि विष्णुना॥ (विश्वामित्र कल्पः (1.9)
    hastaprakṣālanam kāryam govinde nāpi viṣṇunā (viśvāmitra kalpaḥ (1.9)
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