Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani

Abū Bakr, ‘Abd al-Qāhir ibn ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad al-Jurjānī (1009 – 1078 or 1081 AD [400 – 471 or 474 A.H.])[1]; surnamed "Al-Nuhwī" (the grammarian), he was a renowned Persian[2] grammarian of the Arabic language, literary theorist of the Muslim Shafi'i sect, and a follower of al-Ash'ari. He wrote several celebrated works on grammar and rhetoric, among these are Mi,ut Ạmil and Al-Jumal - introductions to Arabic syntax - and a commentary titled Al-Mughnī in three volumes.[3]

Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani
Born400 Hijri (1009 CE)
Gorgan, Iran
Died471 Hijri (1078 CE)
Academic background
InfluencesSibawayh, Abi Helal al-'Askari al Balaghi, Abu Ali al-Farisi
Academic work
Main interestsliterary theory, grammar
Notable worksal Maghna fi Sharh al-Idah

Al-Jurjānī is said to have never left his native town of Gorgan, Iran, yet his reputation in the twin sciences of ilm al balaghah (eloquence and rhetorical art) and ilm al bayan (a branch of Arabic rhetoric dealing with metaphorical language), reached many Arabic scholars who travelled to see him. His two books on these subjects, Asrār al-Balāghah (Secrets of Rhetoric), and Dalāʾīl al-ʿIjāz fi-l-Qurʾān (Arguments of the Miraculous Inimitability of the Quran) show influences of al-Jurjānī's predecessors, the grammarian Sibawayh, the critic Abi Helal al-'Askari al Balaghi, and the linguist and literary theorist Abu Ali al-Farisi, the author of al-Idah (Elucidation). Ali al-Farisi's nephew, Abi al-Hussein Muhammad ibn al-Hassan ibn Abd al-Wareth al-Faressi al-Nawawi, was al-Jurjānī's teacher, under whom he studied the al-Idah, and on which he wrote a thirty-volume work of commentary entitled al Maghna fi Sharh al-Idah .

Critical opinions

"The Swiss linguist Saussure's theory of deconstruction is preceded by Abd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī’s theory of deconstruction."

— Muhammad Abdul Mun'em Khafagi, Asrar al-Balaghah (1972)

"There is a similarity between these (al-Jurjānī and Noam Chomsky) two men."

— Muhammad Abdul Muttaleb, "Introduction", Issues of Modernism in the Works of Abd-al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī (1995)

Publications
  • Asrār al-Balāghah (The Secrets of Elucidation)
  • Al-Awāmil al-Mi’ah (The Hundred Elements) - A short text on 100 modifiers, or particles, in Arabic and their different uses with examples.
  • Dalā’il al-Iʿjaz (Intimations of Inimitability)
  • Iʿjaz al-Qur’ān (The inimitability of the Qur'an)
  • Al-Jumal (Sentences)
  • Kitab ʿArūd (Poetic Structure)
  • Al-Maghna fī Sharḥ al-Idah’, thirty volumes
  • Al-Miftāḥ (The Key)
  • Muʿjam al-taʿrifāt (Compendium of Definitions)
  • Al-Muqtasad, a short version of Al Maghna.
  • Sharḥ al-Fātiḥa fī Mujallad (Explaining Al-Fatiha in a Volume)
  • Al-Talkhiss bi Sharḥihi (The Brief of Sentence Elucidation)
  • Al-'Umhad fī al-Taṣrīf (The Basis of Morphology)
  • An anthology collection on the works of Abi-tammam, al-Buh'turi, and al-Mutannabī.
gollark: Well, [REDACTED].
gollark: They're gnus. It's quite clear.
gollark: Oh, I got confused and thought you meant using statics in place of closures.
gollark: It works, I assume.
gollark: How threadsafe!

References
  1. "Jurjānī, al-". Encyclopædia Britannica (15th ed.). 1978.
  2. "ʿABD-AL-QĀHER JORJĀNĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  3. Lockett 1814, p. xv.

Bibliography
  • Deeb, K. Abu (2007). "al-Jurjānī, Abū Bakr Abd al-Qāhir b. Abd al- Rahmān (d. 471/1078)". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; Donzel, E. van; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Online: Brill.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Sutherland (Consultant), John (1999). "Vol.1 A-K". In Murray, Chris (ed.). Encyclopedia of Literary Critics and Criticism. London: Fitzroy Dearborn.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Abbs, Ihsn (1971). Tarikh al-Naqd al-Adabi 'inda al-'Arab, Naqd al-Shi'r min al-Qarn al-Thani hattá al-Qarn al-Thamin al-Hijri. History of Arabic Literary Criticism (A comprehensive study of Arabic literary criticism from the second century to the eighth century AH. It covers most of the literary critics from al-Asma'ei to Ibn-Khaldoun.). Beirut: Dr al-Amnah.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Jurjānī (al-), Abd Al-Qāhir (1972). Khafagi, Muhammad Abdul Mun'em (ed.). Asrar al-Balaghah. Cairo: Maktabet al Qāhira.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Jurjānī (al-), Abd Al-Qāhir (1991). Khafagi, Muhammad Abdul Mun'em; Sharaf, Abdul Aziz (eds.). Asrar al-Balaghah. Beirut: Dar Al Jeel.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Jurjānī (al-), Abd Al-Qāhir (1959). Al Imam Al Sheikh, Mohammad Abdo; Ridah, Mohammad Rashid (eds.). Asrar al-Balaghah in the Art of Rhetoric (6th ed.). Midan Al Azhar: Mohammad Ali Subeih.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Jurjānī (al-), Abd Al-Qāhir (1972). Haydar, Ali (ed.). al-Jummal. Damascus.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Jurjānī (al-), Abd Al-Qāhir (1990). Usri Abd al-Ghani, Abdallah (ed.). al-Jummal in Grammar (1st ed.). Beirut: Dar Al Kutub al Ilmieh.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Muttaleb, Muhammad Abdul (1995). Mahmoud Ali Makki (ed.). Issues of Modernism in the works of Abd-al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī. Egypt: Longman.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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