Anti-social behaviour order

An anti-social behaviour order (ASBO /ˈæzboʊ/) is a civil order made in the United Kingdom against a person who had been shown, on the balance of evidence, to have engaged in anti-social behaviour. The orders were introduced by Prime Minister Tony Blair in 1998[1] and continued in use until repealed in England and Wales by the Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 on 20 October 2014, although they continue to be used in Scotland. ASBOs were replaced in England and Wales by the civil injunctions and the Criminal Behaviour Order.[2][3][4][2] They were designed to address behaviour like intimidation, drunkenness, and violence by individuals and families, using civil orders rather than criminal sanctions.[5] The orders restricted behaviour in some way, such as prohibiting a return to a certain area, or shop, or restricting public behaviour such as swearing or drinking alcohol. Many saw the ASBO as connected with young delinquents.[6]

"Asbo" redirects here. For places in Skåne, Sweden, see Åsbo (disambiguation). For the medical skin condition sign, see Asboe-Hansen sign.

History

ASBOs were introduced in England, Scotland and Wales through the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. Later legislation strengthened its application: in England and Wales this was largely via the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003, in Northern Ireland through an Order in Council and in Scotland with the Antisocial and Sexual Behaviour etc. (Scotland) Act 2004.[7] Scotland, however, had a pre-existing tribunal system charged with dealing with children and young persons who offend, the Children's Hearings System.

In a press release of 28 October 2004, Tony Blair and David Blunkett announced further measures to extend the use and definition of ASBOs.[8] The remit would include:

  • Extension of the Witness Protection Programme in anti-social behaviour cases.
  • More courts dealing with cases.
  • More offences including dog-fouling, litter, graffiti, and night-time noise liable for Fixed Penalty Notices.
  • Giving parish councils the power to issue fixed penalty notices for infringements.

The press release concluded by remarking:

In the past year around 100,000 cases of anti social behaviour have been dealt with. 2,633 ASBOs and 418 dispersal orders have been issued in the same period.

On 25 October 2005, Transport for London announced its intent to apply for a new law giving them the authority to issue orders against repeat fare dodgers, and increased fines.[9] By 31 March 2004, 2,455 ASBOs had been issued in England and Wales. On 30 March 2006, the Home Office announced that 7,356 Anti-Social Behaviour Orders had been given out since 1999 in England and Wales.[10]

Replacement

The 2010 coalition government expressed its intention to replace ASBOs, citing the reasons that "breach rates are high and the number issued has been steadily declining since 2005".[11] In July 2010, new Home Secretary Theresa May announced her intention to reform anti-social behaviour measures for England and Wales with the abolition of ASBOs in due course in favour of alternative "community-based" social control policies.[12] However, in 2012, Liberal Democrat objections prevented the implementation of proposals in a Home Office White Paper to replace the ASBO with a "criminal behaviour order" and a "crime prevention injunction".[13] In May 2013 an Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Bill was introduced into the House of Commons[14][15] including a provision to create "Injunctions to Prevent Nuisance and Annoyance", replacing ASBOs in England and Wales.[11] The bill was criticised for the broad and undefined scope of "Nuisance and Annoyance"[16] and defeated in the House of Lords in January 2014.[17]

The Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 received Royal Assent in March 2014. This streamlined the tools available to tackle anti-social behaviour and replaced the ASBO with an injunction (a civil order) and a Criminal Behaviour Order.[3]

What warranted an ASBO

Uses
A police notice on the street in Richmond

An ASBO was issued in response to "conduct which caused or was likely to cause harm, harassment, alarm or distress, to one or more persons not of the same household as him or herself and where an ASBO was seen as necessary to protect relevant persons from further anti-social acts by the defendant".[18] In England and Wales they were issued by magistrates' courts, and in Scotland by the sheriff courts.

The British government introduced ASBOs through the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. In the UK, a CRASBO was a "criminally related" ASBO. One local authority published photos of those given ASBOs on an Internet site.[19] Anti-social behaviour included a range of problems such as:[20][21]

Standard of proof

Applications for ASBOs were heard by magistrates sitting in their civil capacity. Although the proceedings were civil, the court had to apply a heightened civil standard of proof. This standard was virtually indistinguishable from the criminal standard.[22] The applicant had to satisfy the court "so that it is sure" that the defendant has acted in an anti-social manner. The test for the court to be "satisfied so that it is sure" was the same direction that a judge gives to a jury in a criminal case heard in the Crown Court, and is also known as satisfying the court "beyond reasonable doubt".[23]

Pursuant to section 1(1) Civil Evidence Act 1995, an applicant (and a defendant) had the right to rely on witness statements without calling the makers of those statements – known as hearsay. If a party proposed to rely upon a hearsay statement, then the other party was entitled to ask the court for permission to call that witness for cross-examination.[24]

If the court refused to grant such an application, then the defendant would (quite obviously) be unable to cross examine the makers of the hearsay statements. Nevertheless, it was open to them, in accordance with the Civil Evidence Act, to submit that the court should place little or no weight[25] upon material that had not been tested by way of cross examination.

Section 4(1) Civil Evidence Act 1995 states that:

in estimating the weight (if any) to be given to hearsay evidence in civil proceedings the court shall have regard to any circumstances from which any inference can reasonably be drawn as to the reliability or otherwise of the evidence.[25]

The High Court has emphasised that the use of the words "if any" shows that some hearsay evidence may be given no weight at all.[26] For an ASBO to be made, the applicant had to prove beyond all reasonable doubt that the respondent has behaved in an anti-social manner. The applicant could rely on hearsay evidence. However, the Court of Appeal has stated that it does not expect a court to find that the criminal standard has been reached by relying solely on hearsay evidence. The Civil Evidence Act 1995 itself makes clear that courts should consider what weight,[27] if any at all, attaches to hearsay material. In Cleary, the Court of Appeal again restated that courts should consider attaching no weight at all to such material, in accordance with the words of the statute.[28]

It is for the court to decide what weight to give the hearsay evidence. The Court of Appeal has stated that the high standard of proof is difficult to meet if the entirety of the case, or the majority of it, is based upon hearsay evidence.[29] The proper approach would be for a court to consider to what extent the hearsay evidence is, amongst other things, supported by other evidence, the cogency and similarity of supporting instances of hearsay evidence and the cogency and reliability of contradictory evidence supplied by a defendant.[27]

Where, for example, ten anonymous witnesses who are unrelated to each other each provide a witness statement as to the defendant's anti-social behaviour where each statement refers independently to the same particular events and where this is supported by a witness statement from a non-anonymous witness, such as a housing officer, who confirms that residents have made complaints about a particular person over a period of time then the court may be justified in according to the statements a fair[27] degree of weight.

Typical ASBOs

An Anti-Social Behaviour Order was an order of the Court which told an individual over 10 years old how they must not behave.

An Order could contain only negative prohibitions. It could not contain a positive obligation.[30] To obtain an ASBO, a two-stage test had to be satisfied by the applicant authority (see s.1(1) Crime and Disorder Act 1998). The first test was that the defendant had committed acts causing or likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress within six months of the date of issue of the summons. The second test was that an order was necessary to protect persons from further anti-social behaviour.

The applicant had to satisfy the court that the individual had acted in an anti-social manner, that is to say, in a manner that caused or was likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress to one or more persons not of the same household as himself.[31] A court could order an ASBO only if such an order was "necessary".[32] Further, each prohibited act would usually be an act preparatory to a criminal offence rather than the offence itself, but not always: Rabess v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2007] EWHC 208 (Admin). In addition, each prohibition itself had to be necessary. It may have been inappropriate for a condition to be not to spray graffiti – the final act as opposed to prohibiting the carrying of a paint-spray can in a particular area, marked on a map. This would only have been necessary if the court was sure that the respondent continually created graffiti with spray-cans in a specific area.

An order had to be tailor-made for the individual defendant. The ASBO represented "a form of personalised criminal law".[33] It had to be relevant to their particular anti-social behaviour. Orders should not have been drafted too widely or imprecisely. Each prohibition had to be necessary.[34]

An ASBO was very similar to a civil injunction even though the differences are important. First, the injunction was supposed to protect the world at large, in a given geographical area, rather than an individual. Second, breach of an ASBO was a criminal offence to be tried in a criminal court applying the criminal standard of beyond all reasonable doubt.[35] A power of committal to prison was available for breach of a civil injunction but a court was unlikely to exercise that power. A person subject to an anti-social behaviour order where it did not follow a criminal conviction had an automatic right of appeal against both the making of the order and its terms to a higher court. There was also the availability of an appeal to the High Court by way of "case stated". There was no appeal against the variation of orders,[36] and variation was used to add extra conditions and to extend the duration of ASBOs.

An application for an ASBO was considered by the courts in its civil jurisdiction and was a civil order. However, breach of an ASBO was a criminal offence and conviction could result in up to five years' imprisonment (two for a minor). Subsequent legislation compelled magistrates to make a Parenting Order where a person under the age of 16 breached their ASBO.[37][38][39]

Other examples:

Less common ASBOs

Less common and more conventional uses of ASBOs, as listed by a report to the Home Office to illustrate the difficulties with ASBOs, include:

  • Two teenage boys from east Manchester forbidden to wear one golf glove, as it was a symbol of membership of a particular gang.[21]
  • A 13-year-old forbidden to use the word "grass" as a term of abuse in order to threaten people.[21]
  • A 15-year-old forbidden to play football in his street.[21]
  • A farmer (the first to be given an ASBO) who was instructed to keep his geese and pigs from damaging his neighbour's property.[21]
  • An 18-year-old ordered not to congregate with three or more other youths. He entered a local youth club that had a good reputation and was arrested because there were more than three youths on the premises. He was intending to attend an event there on how to deal with anti-social behaviour.[21]

Criticism

From their inception, ASBOs were controversial. They were criticised as being "without strong and principled justification",[48] a distraction from the failure of the government's law and order policies,[49] a "recipe for institutionalised vigilantism",[50] and an "emblem of punitive populism".[51] Andrew Rutherford commented that the "ASBO provides a particularly striking example of the criminalisation of social policy".[52] A MORI opinion poll published on 9 June 2005 found that 82% of the British public were in favour of ASBOs; however, only 39% believed they were effective in their current form.[53] A 2012 survey by Angus Reid Public Opinion showed that only eight per cent of Britons believe ASBOs have been successful in curbing anti-social behaviour in the UK.[54][55]

Other parties voiced concerns about the open-ended nature of ASBO penalties – that is, there is little restriction on what a court may impose as the terms of the ASBO, and little restriction on what can be designated as antisocial behaviour. Critics have reported that only around 3% of ASBO applications have been turned down.[56] In July 2007 the Local Government Ombudsman published a report criticising Manchester City Council for serving an ASBO based purely on uncorroborated reports of nuisance by a neighbour, and the Council agreed to pay £2000 in compensation.[57]

A 2005 memorandum submitted by the National Association of Probation Officers (NAPO) asserted that "there is ample evidence of the issuing of ASBOs by the courts being inconsistent and almost a geographical lottery. There is great concern that people are being jailed following the breach of an ASBO where the original offence was itself non-imprisonable. There is also evidence that ASBOs have been used where people have mental health problems where treatment would be more appropriate. In NAPO's view the time is right for a fundamental review of the use and appropriateness of Anti-social Behaviour Orders by the Home Office."[21]

In 2002 Home Office data stated that in the cases where information was available, there was a high proportion where some mitigating factor appeared to have contributed to their behaviour. Almost a fifth were drug abusers and a sixth were alcohol abusers. Overall 44% were engaging in substance abuse or had a learning disability, and a further 16% included persons with psychological and behaviour problems in the family.[58] Similar results are found in Scotland. A casefile review showed that 55% of those given ASBOs had substance abuse, mental health or learning disability problems. ("The Use of ASBOs In Scotland", H. Pawson, School of The Built Environment, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, 2007.)

A survey of Youth Offending Teams by the British Institute for Brain Injured Children in 2005 showed that 38% of ASBOs went to young people with significant mental disorders. Problems included clinical depression, suicidal tendencies, autism, psychosis, personality disorders, learning disabilities, and ADHD, questioning whether young people suffering from these illnesses should be held to a lower standard of behaviour than others. By contrast, the same survey of ASBO teams gave only a 5% reported incidence of mental impairment. This massive difference suggests that most ASBO teams did not take into account mental health problems even though the Home Office safeguards for vulnerable people in the ASBO process required it.

ASBO effectiveness has also been questioned. In a House of Commons reply it was stated that 53.7% of ASBOs were breached in England in 2005; 69.4% in 2006; 70.3% in 2007.[59] In large cities rates could be higher: the breach rate in Manchester reached 90.2% in 2007. This level of breaching raises an interesting issue. The first test to justify the issuing of an ASBO was that ASB had been proved to the criminal standard. The second test was that the order was necessary to prevent future acts of ASB and provide protection to the victim. However the criminal standard was not applied to the second test. Indeed, Lord Steyn (House of Lords in R (on the application of McCann) v. Manchester Crown Court [2003] 1 AC 787,812, para 37) said

The inquiry under section 1(1)(b), namely that such an order is necessary to protect persons from further anti-social acts by him, does not involve a standard of proof: it is an exercise of judgment or evaluation.

According to government evaluations (e.g. Housing Research Summary No. 230; DfCLG) in the "ASB Intensive Family Support" (Sin Bin) projects introduced to supplement ASBOs, 80% of the families targeted had serious mental/physical health and learning disability problems; one in five families had children affected with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 60% of the families were recognised as victims of ASB. Project managers described many families as "easily scapegoated" in neighbour disputes. HRS 230 called for a review of ASBO policy and investigation procedures to make the whole process fairer.[60]

A later study of 53 projects by the National Centre For Social Research noted that 42% of children with mental health problems were reported to have ADHD or hyperactivity, and 29% depression or stress. Amongst adults, 69% had depression.[61]

A later comprehensive review of Family Intervention Projects over a decade found little objective evidence for significant, sustained reduction in ASB in the families, and concluded that underlying mental health and disability problems remained largely unaddressed.[62]

In the UK, there was criticism that an ASBO was sometimes viewed as a badge of honour by youth.[63]

Nacro, the biggest criminal justice-related charity in England and Wales, published two reports: the first claiming that ASBOs were a failure due to being costly and slow to obtain;[64] and the second criticising their use by the courts, saying that they were being used too hastily, before alternatives have been tried.[65]

  • In Alan Moore's book, Jerusalem, there is a chapter titled, "ASBOs of Desire."
  • In series 2, episode 3 of the relaunched Doctor Who ("School Reunion"; airdate: 29 April 2006), The Doctor (David Tennant) is surprised the students are well behaved and says, "It's very well behaved, this place. I thought they'd all be happy-slapping hoodies. Happy slapping hoodies with ASBOs. Happy slapping hoodies with ASBOs and ringtones!"
  • In Top Gear series 7, episode 3, the Ford Focus ST hatchback is referred to by presenter Jeremy Clarkson as the "Ford Asbo" as a joking nod to the "urban hoodlum" image of this type of vehicle in the UK. The Stig later pilots an identical vehicle to a 1:34:09 time on a foggy and slippery track, which under normal conditions would have been the fastest hatchback test on record.
    • The "Ford Asbo" name recurs in Rivers of London, in reference to PC Peter Grant's bright orange Ford Focus hatchback, and directly referencing the above Top Gear episode.
  • In Line of Duty series 1, episode 5 (airdate 24 July 2012), Detective Inspector Buckells refers to juvenile criminal Ryan as "the ASBO dodger".
  • In Misfits, the main characters are sometimes referred to as the "ASBO Five" (although one, Curtis Donovan, points out he is not in fact under such an order).
  • In Sherlock, Dr. Watson was given an ASBO in Season 1 Episode 2, "The Blind Banker", after being mistaken for a graffiti artist when the actual graffiti artist fled from two community support officers.
  • In The Smoke, Dennis Severs is nicknamed "Asbo" by his fireman crew because of how he acts, who he hangs out with, and where he lives.
  • In Fish Tank (2009), Mia's mother says she will be sent to boarding schools so she can meet ASBO boys.
  • In 2012, English author Martin Amis published Lionel Asbo: State of England, in which the titular character has changed his name from Lionel Pepperdine to Lionel Asbo by deed poll.
  • In the premiere episode of season 3 of The F Word, Janet Street-Porter issued Charles, Prince of Wales with a "food ASBO" for his Waitrose Duchy Organic products, which she considered comparable to McDonald's in terms of their negative impact on health when eaten regularly.
  • In season 3 of The Inbetweeners Will refers to ASBO when they destroy a garden.
  • In Season 2, Episode 8 of The Grand Tour, Richard Hammond changes James May's rear number plate to 'A5BO'.
  • In the song "Bassline Junkie" by grime MC Dizzee Rascal, he raps, "The other day I got an ASBO order / And I think it's well out of order."
  • In Grand Theft Auto Online, a vehicle based on the Vauxhall Corsa - which is a stereotypical chav car[66] - is called the 'Asbo'.[67]
  • In the title track for his album, Nothing Great About Britain, British rapper slowthai mentions ASBO.
gollark: Er, desktop environment.
gollark: `.xinitrc` maybe. Or your desktop manager's autostart.
gollark: On *X* startup or whatever?
gollark: Wait, how many radio programs were there around? I remember they used to be a bit popular, but 3 or 4 different people with some?
gollark: It's been busy lately.

See also

References
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  2. Gibbon, Sian (13 October 2014). "Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 - All Change?". www.ashfords.co.uk. Ashfords LLP. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  3. "What the Law Says". ABS Help. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  4. Gibbon, Sian (7 January 2015). "Anti Social Behaviour Order (ASBO)". www.ashfords.co.uk. Youth Justice Centre. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  5. "BBC Q&A Anti-social behaviour orders". BBC News. 20 March 2002. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  6. Youth Justice Board Study (2006) Conducted by NACRO, Solanki, Bateman, Boswell and Hill
  7. "Antisocial Behaviour etc. (Scotland) Act 2004: Guidance on Antisocial Behaviour Orders", Scottish Executive. ""Guidance on Antisocial Behaviour Orders: Antisocial Behaviour etc. (Scotland) Act 2004" (PDF). (333 KB)" URLs. Retrieved 18 June 2007.
  8. "Press Briefing: 3.45pm Thursday 28 October 2004 Archived 11 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine", 10 Downing Street. Retrieved 18 June 2006.
  9. Plans for £50 fare-dodger fines, BBC News, 25 October 2005. Retrieved 18 June 2006.
  10. "Asbo total hits 7,356", The Register, 30 March 2006. Retrieved 18 June 2006.
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  12. "BBC News 28 July 2010". Bbc.co.uk. 28 July 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  13. Morris, Nigel (23 May 2012). "'Crimbos' replace Asbos – but will they rush children into custody?". The Independent.
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  18. "Crime and Disorder Act 1998 s.1(1)", Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 18 June 2006.
  19. "Warwickshire Police Media Portal – Images of ASBO and CRASBO Offenders Published On Warwickshire Police Website". Onlinenews.warwickshire.police.uk. Archived from the original on 16 July 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  20. Flint, John; Nixon, Judy (2006). "Governing neighbours: Anti-social behaviour orders and new forms of regulating conduct in the UK". Urban Studies. 43 (5): 939–955. doi:10.1080/00420980600676386.
  21. Home Affairs – Written Evidence: 19. Memorandum submitted by Napo, House of Commons, 22 March 2005. Retrieved 18 June 2006.
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  23. R v Kritz [1950] 1 KB 82 at 89, approved by the Privy Council in Walters v R [1969] 2 AC 26 at 30
  24. Civil Evidence Act 1995 s.3; Magistrates' Courts (Hearsay Evidence in Civil Proceedings) Rules 1999, r.4
  25. Civil Evidence Act 1995 s 4(1)
  26. R (Cleary) v Highbury Corner Magistrates’ Court [2006] EWCA 1869 (Admin)
  27. "Civil Evidence Act 1995". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  28. Cleary v Highbury Corner Magistrates & (1) Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis and others (2007) 1 WLR 1272; [2006] EWHC 1869.http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780198763987/resources/updates/ch09_1008.pdf%5B%5D
  29. M v DPP [2007] EWHC 1032 (Admin)
  30. Crime and Disorder Act 1998, s1(4) and 1(6); R (Lonergan) v. Crown Court at Lewes (2005) 2 All ER 362
  31. Crime and Disorder Act 1998, s1(a)
  32. Crime and Disorder Act 1988 s1(b)
  33. Leng; Taylor; Wasik (1998). Blackstone's Guide to the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. London: Blackstone Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-85431-848-0.
  34. R v. Dean Boness [2005] EWCA Crim 2395
  35. Greatorex; Falkowski (2006). Anti-Social Behaviour Law. Bristol: Jordans. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-84661-002-8.
  36. Barrister wins in tussle over Asbos. LDP Legal Week. 2008.
  37. Crime and Disorder Act 1998 s.8A(2), inserted by Crime and Security Act 2010 s.41
  38. Mack, Jon (2010). "Anti-social Behaviour and Parenting Orders". JPN. 174: 347.
  39. Mack, Jon (2011). "Anti-Social Behaviour and Parenting Orders". JPN. 175: 269.
  40. ASBO for abusive Rochester Square resident Archived 5 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Camden Council, 13 January 2005
  41. "Cases of ASBOs used for general public order issues" Statewatch's ASBOWatch
  42. "Top music chiefs are spared ASBOs". BBC News, 14 June 2004
  43. "Asbo for youth who terrorised neighbours" Rochdale Observer, 16 March 2007, Helen Johnson
  44. "Man banned from organising raves" BBC News, 14 June 2006
  45. "Arrest of Asbo 'suicide' woman" BBC News, 27 February 2006
  46. "TfL wins first Asbo against graffiti vandal" Wikinews, 25 September 2007
  47. "How ASBOs have worked" Archived 26 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine CrimeReduction.gov.uk, 6 September 2006
  48. Ashworth, Andrew (2004). "Social Control and Antisocial Behaviour: The Subversion of Human Rights". Law Quarterly Review. 120: 263.
  49. HL Deb, 12 Mar 2003, c 1324 (Lord Dholakia)
  50. Morgan; Carlen (1998). Crime Unlimited?. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72502-3.
  51. Burney, Elizabeth (2002). "Talking Tough, Acting Coy". The Howard Journal. 41 (5): 469. doi:10.1111/1468-2311.00258.
  52. Rutherford, Andrew (2000). An Elephant on the Doorstep. Oxford: Hart. p. 56.
  53. "Public Concern About ASB And Support For ASBOs", MORI, 10 June 2005. Retrieved 18 June 2006.
  54. "Britons Remain Unconvinced By Anti-Social Behaviour Orders", Angus Reid Public Opinion, 22 February 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2017 (archived link).
  55. Webley and Samuels, 'Public Law: Texts, Cases and Materials' 2nd edition(2012, Oxford University Press) p93
  56. "A triumph of hearsay and hysteria" The Guardian, 5 April 2005
  57. "'False' Asbo woman wins payout" BBC, 5 July 2007
  58. "Siobhan Campbell: A review of anti-social behaviour orders (2002) Home Office Research Study 236" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2011.
  59. {{{speaker}}} Written answers and statements, 10 November 2009 col. 330W Antisocial Behaviour Orders
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  66. "The British Top 10 Chav-tastic Cars". Car Throttle.
  67. "The Diamond Casino Heist Now Available". Rockstar Games.

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