2S4 Tyulpan

The 2S4 Tyulpan (often spelled Tulpan, Russian: 2С4 «Тюльпан»; English: tulip) is a Soviet 240 mm self-propelled heavy mortar. "2S4" is its GRAU designation. The Tyulpan is the largest mortar system in use today.[2]

2S4 Tyulpan
TypeSelf-propelled mortar
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1972–present
Used byRussian Federation
WarsSoviet–Afghan War
First Chechen War
Second Chechen War
Syrian Civil War
War in Donbass
Production history
ManufacturerUraltransmash
Produced1969–1988
No. built588
Specifications
Mass30 tons
Length8.5 m (27 ft 11 in)
Width3.2 m (10 ft 6 in)
Height3.2 m (10 ft 6 in)
Crew5[1]
Armor20mm max.
Main
armament
240 mm (9.4 in) mortar
Secondary
armament
7.62 mm PKT machine gun
EngineV59 V-12 liquid-cooled diesel
520 hp (387.76 kW)
Power/weight17 hp/tonne
SuspensionTorsion bar
Operational
range
420 km (260 mi) on road
Maximum speed 62 km/h (39 mph)

History
The Tyulpan in deployed position.

Following World War 2, the Soviet Union developed two types of heavy infantry mortar in 160 and 240 mm calibres, both conventional albeit breech-loaded designs. Due to do their relatively large dimensions, total mass and the heavy weight of their projectiles (and the M-240 in particular), these mortars could hardly hope to function in the field as infantry weapons, losing the features making such weapons desirable, that is their relatively simple operation, speed of deployment and mobility. To alleviate the obvious mobility concerns, the military leadership proposed to mount the heavy mortar on a self-propelled, tracked chassis with the guns installed externally on the chassis, rather than in an enclosed superstructure or turret. For firing, the gun was to be pivoted at the vehicle's rear and anchored in the ground with the use of a massive recoil-absorbing base plate. Such a solution would help to simplify the overall design and construction of the vehicle and allow for a smaller, lighter prime mover. Initially, designers planned to utilize a common chassis used in the 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled howitzer, but quickly found it was not robust enough to handle the significant recoil (approx. 400 tonne-force).

A formal agreement to initiate work on the new project was signed on July 4, 1967, but preliminary design had been ongoing at the OKB-3 experimental design bureau since 1966 under G. Yefremov. The new vehicle was developed by a team of engineers from the SKB (design bureau) of the Perm Machine Building Plant named after V. I. Lenin, using the M-240 towed mortar as the basis. This weapon has a long history, dating back to 1944 when it was first built, but formally adopted into service only in 1950 after addressing numerous deficiencies in the design. The M-240 was produced since 1958 and built in relatively minor numbers; only approx. 300 guns were built. The weapon weighed 4,150 kg and was loaded from the breech-end after pivoting the tube into a horizontal position, where the breech was locked with a simple breechblock. The mortar was operated by an 11-man crew and could be prepared to fire within 25 minutes, and continue to fire at a rate of approx. 1 round per minute. In the self-propelled variant, the weapon's tube and breechblock remained unchanged, but the base plate was substantially modified and the mortar used a different system of gun-laying gears and drives, which allowed the tube to traverse 41° in azimuth when elevated to the maximum extent, and only 10° traverse at the lower limit of elevation. The range of elevation achieved was 50° to 80°. The mortar tube has a length of 5 m, weighs 1,100 kg with the breechblock, and the total artillery component of the 2S4 has a weight of 3,300 kg. During the design phase, the weapon system carried the designation LP-40.

An initial batch of three vehicles was completed in mid-1969 and immediately directed into a factory trials program which concluded in October. The 'Tyulpan' was accepted into service with the USSR two years later, and serial production commenced in 1974.

The 2S4 Tyulpan was seen by the west for the first time in 1975, and so received the NATO designation M-1975, whereas its official designation is 2S4.

The 2S4 saw action during the conflicts in Afghanistan[3] and Chechnya.[4] In both conflicts, the "Smel'chak" ("Daredevil"), a laser-guided round consistently destroyed targets quickly, precisely, and with only a few rounds. The extreme firepower per round compensates for the Tyulpan's slow rate of fire. There were also, reports that the Tyulpan may have been used by the Syrian Army during the 2012 bombardment of Homs.[5] Although, other reports suggest that the towed 240 mm mortar M240 were used instead.[6] And OSCE observers, monitoring movements of equipment in the War in Donbass with an UAV, spotted a 2S4 on territory under control of the Donetsk People's Republic on 4 July 2015.[7]

Description

The 2S4 Tyulpan designs is based on the GM-123 chassis carrying an externally mounted M-240 240 mm breech-loading mortar on the rear of the hull. The 2S4 uses an autoloader of sort. It has two automated drum-type magazines, capable of holding up to 40 standard high-explosive rounds or 20 long range rocket-assisted rounds. The rounds are fed to the top of the carrier, where they are placed on a track. The mortar then tilts to the horizontal position. The breech opens and a ramming device pushes the round into the breech. The breech closes and the mortar tilts into the firing position.

The 2S4 in profile

The primary ammunition for the weapon is the high-explosive 53-F-864 mortar projectile which contains 32 kg of explosive charge and has a total weight of 130.7 kg. The GMWZ-7 fuze could be set to have either a delayed action or detonate on contact. The weapon uses a 5-part propelling charge system, which vary the muzzle velocity from 158 to 362 m/s and ensure a range from 800 to 9,650 m. 1970 saw the introduction of a new type of rocket-assisted family of munitions for the M-240, designated ARM-0-3WF2 (or simply 3WF2) which used a new 4BN56 propellant charge to carry a 228 kg high explosive projectile (designated 3F2 'Gagara') to a maximum range of 18 km. Also developed was the 3O8 'Nerpa' cargo mortar round which delivers 14 submunitions fitted with fragmentation warheads which are deployed over the target by miniature parachute, as well as the 'Sayda' incendiary round. In 1983, the capabilities of the weapon were further enhanced with the development of the 1K113 'Smelchak' precision munition system which comprises a 3WF4 round with a 3F5/3W84 projectile that has a range of 9.2 km, weighs 134.2 kg and contains 21 kg of high explosive. The projectile has a seeker head which homes in on reflected laser energy, generated by ground-based 1D15 or 1D20 laser rangefinders. Course corrections are carried out in 0.2 to 3.0 s. The laser target designation system can also be linked by radio with the vehicle/mortar—and within 5 km of the target—to allow for a mode of operation whereby the laser illumination activates only once the projectile has been launched, and thus limiting the reaction time of the target and alleviating countermeasures such as laser warning devices. Such a setup makes use of the R-107 portable radio transceiver.

One of the more unique aspects of the 2S4 is their nuclear capability. Development of tactical nuclear munitions for the type was initiated relatively late in the service cycle of the vehicle, in 1967, and resulted in the 3BW4 round using a 3B4 nuclear projectile with a yield of approx. 2 kt. This was improved on three years later with the development of a rocket-assisted 3WB11 nuclear round (using a 3B11 projectile with an RD-14 warhead and propelled by a 3M15 rocket motor). Development of a nuclear warhead for the M-240 was technologically limited for a period of time by the small bore of the weapon; miniaturization had only recently allowed for the reduction of the diameter of a nuclear device to a sufficiently small size so as to be used in a field artillery system. To date, the range of these nuclear projectiles has not been published, but the greater weight of such a warhead compared to the conventional mortar rounds compels experts to speculate on a lower range for such a projectile, and thus the questionable, tactical utility of the system. One of the arguments for a nuclear mortar is the fact that the nuclear device would be more reliable, since the acceleration and forces experienced by a mortar round are substantially less than that endured by a howitzer-launched projectile.

The carrier for the 2S4 was a dedicated tracked chassis also used with the 2K11 Krug TEL vehicle, and later used as the chassis for the 2S3 'Akatsiya' and 2S5 'Giatsint' self-propelled guns. Having carried out necessary modifications, this vehicle was designated Object 305. It's powered by 12-cylinder "V"-layout W-54 engine. The tracked suspensions consists of a pair of drive sprockets located at the front of the vehicle, idler wheels at the rear, six pairs of road wheels and four pairs of return rollers. The tracks are 482 mm wide each, with 115 links per tread. The vehicle is equipped with a lightweight bulldozer blade mounted to the underside of the front hull which is used for preparing dugouts for vehicle firing positions. The driver is seated on the left side of the hull, towards the front with the vehicle commander positioned directly behind him in a raised, fixed, armored cupola outfitted with vision blocks for situational awareness, and his hatch. The cupola is ringed by a skate mount that can be used to fix a PKT machine gun which can be configured to fired remotely with the crew buttoned down.

The 2S4 has a slow rate of fire, only one round per minute. This is due to the large size of the mortar and the weight of its ammunition (130 kg (290 lb) for a standard HE rounds and 228 kg (503 lb) rocket-assisted HE rounds). It can also be loaded one round at a time via a small crane, which is most often used to load the magazines or to place specialty rounds onto the loading track.

The 2S4 has a range of 9,650 meters using standard high-explosive rounds, but a range of 20,000 meters using extended range munition. In addition to the high explosive rounds, it can also fire armor-piercing, laser-guided and cluster munitions, as well as chemical, neutron and tactical nuclear rounds. The Russians have stated that the chemical and tactical nuclear munitions are no longer in service.

The 2S4s crew consist of a driver and the commander, plus an additional 3 support troops are needed to operate the mortar. The additional troops are usually carried by a separate armored personnel carrier.

Variants

Operators
Map with 2S4 operators in blue and former operators in red

Current operators
  •  Russia – 10 in active service. 410 in storage.[11] Currently under modernization. The modernized vehicles have been fitted with modern communications and control systems.[9]
  •  Syria – 24 vehicles in active service with the 3rd, 4th (passed on from the Defense Companies) and 10th Armoured Divisions, and the 14th Special Forces Airborne Division.

Former operators
gollark: `from stackoverflow import lyrics_chess_world`
gollark: I have some code to directly import from it at runtime, for efficiency.
gollark: Since people don't know how hard it is, it might take less than 3 days.
gollark: I would simply make superintelligent AGI, and have it write chess world for me.
gollark: I don't know any, but it's probably *possible*.

See also

References
  1. Heavyweights: The Military Use of Massive Weapons. Stephen Smith & Leo Marriott, Simon Forty Book Sales, Sep 3, 2017. page 220-221
  2. "The Russian Army's Super 'Gun' Is a City Destroyer". The National Interest. 21 August 2016. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018.
  3. "2S4 M-1975 Tyulpan 240-mm self-propelled mortar". Archived from the original on 3 January 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  4. War in Chechnya Archived 9 December 2001 at the Wayback Machine
  5. Murphy, Dan (21 February 2012). "Syria's Assad is hitting Homs with the heaviest mortars in the world". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  6. https://offiziere.ch/?p=27127 Archived 16 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine The largest-caliber mortar system in the world is shelling cities in Syria and Ukraine (2/2). April 25, 2016. by Sébastien Roblin.
  7. "Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine based on information received as of 19:30 (Kyiv time), 5 July 2015" Archived 7 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine OSCE 2015-07-06
  8. "Russia to upgrade 2S4 Tyulpan 240mm self-propelled mortar armored vehicle". Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  9. "Units of the Russian Defence Ministry receive 2S4 Tulpan modernized self-propelled mortars". Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  10. http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/1015/102054842/detail.shtml
  11. The Military Balance 2013. — P. 226.
  12. Jane's Armour and Artillery 1997-98 ISBN 0-7106-1542-6

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