2-Pyrrolidone

2-Pyrrolidone is an organic compound consisting of a 5-membered lactam, making it the simplest γ-lactam. It is a colorless liquid that is miscible with water and most common organic solvents.[3]

2-Pyrrolidone
Structural formula of 2-Pyrrolidone
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Pyrrolidin-2-one
Other names
2-Pyrrolidone
2-Pyrrolidinone
Aminobutyrolactam
Butyrolactam
2-Ketopyrrolidine
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.009.531
EC Number
  • 210-483-1
UNII
Properties
C4H7NO
Molar mass 85.106 g·mol−1
Density 1.116 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 25 °C (77 °F; 298 K)[2]
Boiling point 245 °C (473 °F; 518 K)[2]
Hazards
GHS pictograms [2]
GHS Signal word Warning
GHS hazard statements
 H319[2]
P305+351+338[2]
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
Flammability code 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oilHealth code 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformReactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
1
2
0
Flash point 129 °C (264 °F) (open cup)[1]
138 °C (280 °F) (closed cup)[2]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

2-Pyrrolidone itself and various derivatives made from it have a variety of industrial uses.

Production

2-Pyrrolidone is produced industrially almost exclusively by treating aqueous gamma-butyrolactone with ammonia at a temperature of 250–290 °C and pressures ranging from 0.4–1.4 MPa over solid magnesium silicate catalysts.[3]

The reaction is carried out in a tubular reactor which is packed with the solid catalyst. The latter is arranged as a fixed bed and the reaction is carried out in the vapor phase. Product yields of 75–85% are reached. After subsequent distillation and purification, the desired 2-pyrrolidone is obtained with a purity of 99.5%.[3]

Alternative routes include the catalytic or electrochemical reduction of succinimide, the carbonylation of allylamine, the hydrogenation of succinonitrile under hydrolytic conditions and the reaction of maleic or succinic anhydride in aqueous ammonia with Pd–Ru-catalysts.[3]

In 2010, the worldwide demand for 2-pyrrolidone was estimated to be 32.000 t. Important manufacturers of 2-pyrrolidone are BASF and ISP (International Speciality Products, now Ashland Inc.).[3]

Uses

2-Pyrrolidone itself is used in inkjet cartridges.[4]

A variety of pharmaceutical drugs are 2-pyrrolidone derivatives, including cotinine, doxapram, povidone, and ethosuximide, and the racetams.

The chemical is an intermediate in the production of the polyvinylpyrrolidone precursor vinylpyrrolidone[3] and the solvent N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP).

Safety

2-Pyrrolidone is an eye irritant.[4]

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References
  1. Merck Index, 11th Edition, 8027
  2. Record of 2-Pyrrolidone in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, accessed on 16 March 2020.
  3. Albrecht Ludwig Harreus; R. Backes; J.‐O. Eichler; R. Feuerhake; C. Jäkel; U. Mahn; R. Pinkos; R. Vogelsang (2011). "2‐Pyrrolidone". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_457.pub2.
  4. "Safety Data Sheet" (PDF). HP website. HP. 7 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
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