1998 Gujarat cyclone

The 1998 Gujarat cyclone (Joint Typhoon Warning Center designation: 03A; India Meteorological Department designation: ARB 02) was a deadly tropical cyclone that killed at least 10,000 people in India.

Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm ARB 02
Extremely severe cyclonic storm (IMD scale)
Category 3 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Cyclone at peak intensity before landfall in Sind-Gujarat border
FormedJune 4, 1998 (1998-06-04)
DissipatedJune 10, 1998 (1998-06-11)
Highest winds3-minute sustained: 165 km/h (105 mph)
1-minute sustained: 195 km/h (120 mph)
Lowest pressure958 hPa (mbar); 28.29 inHg
FatalitiesAt least 4,000 to 10,000 (estimate)
1173 died and 1774 missing (official figures)
Damage$3 billion (1998 USD)
Areas affectedIndia and Pakistan
Part of the 1998 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

Meteorological history
Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

On June 1, an area of low pressure developed over the Laccadive Islands. Two days later, the JTWC issued a TCFA for the system as it became better organized. Early on June 4, the JTWC issued its first advisory on Tropical Cyclone 03A.[1] Around the same time, the IMD began monitoring the system as Depression ARB 02. Shortly after, the depression was upgraded to a deep depression and further strengthened into a cyclonic storm the following day.[2] The small storm moved slowly towards the west and weakened as wind shear began to increase. The storm weakened below tropical storm intensity later that day and the initial final advisory was issued. However, the system redeveloped and advisories resumed the next day. The storm gradually intensified as it moved towards the northwest.[3]

Dvorak satellite intensity estimates on June 6 reached T4.0, corresponding to an intensity of 120 km/h (75 mph).[3] The IMD also marked the increase in intensity, upgrading ARB 02 to a severe cyclonic storm.[2] Around this time, the storm began to turn towards the north and accelerate due to an approaching mid-level trough. As the storm neared the Indian coastline, an eye developed and the storm strengthened into the equivalent of a major hurricane with winds reaching 185 km/h (115 mph).[1] The IMD assessed the storm to be a very severe cyclonic storm at this time, with winds up to 165 km/h (105 mph) and a barometric pressure of 958 mbar (hPa).[2] After slightly weakening early on June 9,[3] 03A re-strengthened, attaining its peak intensity with winds of 195 km/h (120 mph).[1] Then it made landfall near Porbandar in the Indian state of Gujarat[3] between 0100 and 0200 UTC.[2] The storm weakened following landfall and the JTWC issued their final advisory later that day.[1] The IMD continued to monitor ARB 02 until June 10, by which time it had weakened to a depression before dissipating.[2]

Impact and aftermath
Microwave image of the cyclonic storm

Tropical Cyclone 03A brought a large storm surge of 4.9 m (16 ft) which devastated coastal communities and salt mines.[3] An estimated 4,000 to 10,000 people were killed by the storm,[4][5] many of whom were salt mine workers who did not own a radio and received little or no warning of the cyclone. The large loss of life was partially attributed to contractors who wanted to continue making profits and did not inform their workers of the approaching storm.[3] According to the official figures, 1173 people died and 1774 people went missing.[5] Also, the region had witnessed only 17 cyclones since 1890, all of which were weaker than 03A. As a result, its vulnerability was miscalculated by the local population and the disaster management administration.[6] Power supply to numerous residences was lost due to the storms high winds.[7] A microwave tower in Porbandar collapsed, causing widespread disruption in telecommunication.[8] Hundreds of other power transmission towers also fell, causing an estimated loss of Rs 10 billion for the Gujarat Electricity Board.[9] At least 893 people were injured by the storm and over 11,000 animals were killed. Over 162,000 structures were damaged or destroyed throughout the affected area and damages amounted to Rs. 120 billion (US$3 billion).[10] In Kandla, the damages were estimated around ₹1,855.33 crore (equivalent to ₹67 billion or US$940 million in 2019).[5]

Over the next one month, insurance companies had lost approximately Rs. 13 billion (US$266.5 million).[9] The remnants of the storm produced heavy rains over Pakistan which electrocuted 12 people.[3] In the wake of the storm, the United States Government provided US$25,000 for rehabilitation of the affected population.[10] The Government of Denmark also contributed $72,992 in funds for relief efforts.[11] The Gujarat government deployed approximately 330 medical teams to the affected areas. Local aid, amounting to Rs 1 billion (US$20.5 million) was provided to assist victims.[12]

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See also

References
  1. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (1999). "Tropical Cyclone 03A Preliminary Report" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  2. "IMD Best Tracks Data ( 1990 - 2008 )". India Meteorological Department. 2009. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2009.
  3. Gary Padgett (July 14, 1998). "Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary for June 1998". Typhoon 2000. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  4. Staff Writer (December 29, 1998). "1998 Natural Catastrophes: Top 10". Munich Re. Archived from the original on February 10, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
  5. Rawat, Mukesh (2019-06-13). "Cyclone Vayu spares Gujarat: 21 yrs ago, a cyclone rained death, killed thousands in state". India Today. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
  6. Zschau, Jochen; Andreas N. Küppers (2003). Early warning systems for natural disaster reduction. Springer. p. 200. ISBN 978-3-540-67962-2.
  7. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (June 10, 1998). "India: Cyclone Situation Report No. 1". United Nations. Archived from the original on March 16, 2005. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  8. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (June 11, 1998). "India: Cyclone Situation Report No. 2". United Nations. Archived from the original on March 16, 2005. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  9. "Insurance companies lose Rs 1,300 crore in Gujarat cyclone". Indian Express. July 3, 1998. Archived from the original on May 28, 2009. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
  10. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (June 19, 1998). "India: Cyclone Situation Report No. 4". United Nations. Archived from the original on March 16, 2005. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  11. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (March 3, 1999). "India —Cyclone —June 1998 Contributions Report". ReliefWeb. Archived from the original on July 16, 2006. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
  12. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (June 19, 1998). "India: Cyclone Situation Report No. 4". United Nations. Archived from the original on March 16, 2005. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
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