1939 St. Louis smog

The 1939 St. Louis smog was a severe smog episode that affected St. Louis, Missouri on November 28, 1939. Visibility was so limited that streetlights remained lit throughout the day and motorists needed their headlights to navigate city streets.

A man lights a cigarette as streetlights along Olive glow during the daytime hours of November 28, 1939. St. Louis Post-Dispatch

The problem of pollution control

Smoke pollution had been a problem in St. Louis for many decades prior to the event, due to the large-scale burning of bituminous (soft) coal to provide heat and power for homes, businesses and transport.[1] In 1893, the Council passed an ordinance prohibiting the emission of "thick grey smoke within the corporate limits of St. Louis" but was unable to enforce it because of failed legal action taken against Heitzberg Packing and Provision Company, one of the worst corporate offenders.[2] The effectiveness of laws was also limited by the lack of adequate inspection and enforcement. In 1933, the mayor, Bernard F. Dickmann, created a "citizen smoke committee" and appointed his personal secretary Raymond Tucker[3] to take charge of efforts to improve air quality.

Early efforts had relied on education such as teaching people how to build cleaner fires – but this had almost no impact. It was soon realized that real improvement would only come about by switching to a cleaner fuel – gas, oil, coke, or anthracite were all considered but ruled out on cost grounds. The alternative was to wash and size the existing soft coal to make it burn hotter and cleaner, and ensure that all coal sold in St. Louis was of this variety. In February 1937 a smoke ordinance was passed creating a "Division of Smoke Regulation in the Department of Public Safety", forcing larger businesses to burn only clean coal and setting standards for smoke emission and inspection. By 1938 emissions from commercial smokestacks had been reduced by two-thirds.[4]

Despite some improvement, smoke pollution was still a visible problem since the new law did not cover smaller businesses and domestic users – 97% of homes still used coal. The city council was reluctant to pass further legislation that might alienate voters so the mayor's "enforcer", Tucker, was limited to using persuasion through the press and radio broadcasts. One newspaper in particular, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, became notable for its campaign to persuade residents of the benefits of switching to cleaner forms of coal.[5][6]

The smog episode and its aftermath

However, on Tuesday, November 28, 1939, a meteorological temperature inversion trapped emissions from coal burning close to the ground, resulting in "the day the sun didn't shine".[7] A cloud of thick black smoke enveloped St. Louis, far worse than any previously seen in the city. The day came to be known as "Black Tuesday". The smog hung about for nine days over the course of the following month. This proved to be the catalyst that forced the council's hand. New cleaner, affordable supplies of coal (semi-anthracite) were quickly secured from Arkansas in time for the next winter. This, together with a new smoke ordinance, improvements to the efficiency of furnaces and the ongoing public education campaign resulted in a significant and permanent improvement in air quality in the city.

gollark: That might be more of a German thing. IIRC in countries here people tend to mostly pass.
gollark: <@!330678593904443393> I would like to, very late and unprompted, suggest another problem with free university/college: that it seems to also assume that college-style education is the only way forward in life and to get jobs and stuff.
gollark: That also improves the incentive structures.
gollark: So separate the authorities certifying that you're not an idiot and the ones teaching you to not be an idiot!
gollark: It would be good for students to have the *option* to study it if they prefer it over other stuff, certainly.

See also

References
  1. In a shroud of smoke. Student Booklet 3-6, p8 ("Earthways Center", Missouri, USA).
  2. Vesilind, P. A. & DiStefano, Thomas D. Controlling Environmental Pollution (DEStech Pubs., 2005) p24.
  3. R. R. Tucker Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine biography (Washington University Libraries).
  4. In a shroud of smoke. Student Booklet 3-6, p9-11 ("Earthways Center", Missouri, USA).
  5. Environmental History timeline Archived 2012-11-28 at Archive.today.
  6. The newspaper Post-Dispatch started a campaign against the smog with a headline on November 26, 1939, "An Approach to the Smoke Problem", suggesting ways that the city could cut down on pollution. The newspaper suggested buying cleaner fuel and distributing it to residents and resellers, helping to eliminate the cheap but high-sulfur coal that was being used at the time. In February 1941, the paper reported "the plague of smoke and soot has been so well wiped off if not completely removed, that the shining countenance of the Missouri metropolis is now the envy of other cities." The Post-Dispatch won a Pulitzer Prize for Public Service in 1941 for its efforts. (http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/nature/environ4.html Archived 2008-05-13 at the Wayback Machine)
  7. Energy problems in a Nutshell (MVC).

Further reading
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