10-pounder Parrott rifle

The 10-pounder Parrott rifle, Model 1861 was a cast iron muzzle-loading rifled cannon that was adopted by the United States Army in 1861 and often used in field artillery units during the American Civil War. Like other Parrott rifles, the gun breech was reinforced by a distinctive wrought iron reinforcing band. The gun fired a 9.5 lb (4.3 kg) projectile to a distance of 1,850 yd (1,692 m) at an elevation of 5°. The 10-pounder Parrott rifle was capable of firing shell, shrapnel shell (case shot), canister shot, or solid shot. Midway through the war, the Federal government discontinued the 2.9 in (74 mm) version in favor of a 3.0 in (76 mm) version. Despite the reinforcing band, the guns occasionally burst without warning, inflicting injury on the gun crews. The Confederate States of America manufactured a number of successful copies of the gun.

10-pounder Parrott rifle
10-pounder Parrott rifle at Little Round Top, Gettysburg National Military Park
Type	Rifled cannon
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1861–1865
Used by	United States  Confederate States
Wars	American Civil War
Production history
Designer	Robert Parker Parrott
Designed	1859–1860
Manufacturer	West Point Foundry
Unit cost	$180
Produced	1861–1865
No. built	2.9-inch: 228–255 3.0-inch: 279 80+
Variants	2.9-inch (1861–1862) 3.0-inch (1864–1865)
Specifications
Mass	890 lb (403.7 kg)
Length	74 in (1.88 m)
Shell weight	9.5 lb (4.3 kg) shell 1.0 lb (0.5 kg) charge
Caliber	2.9 in (74 mm) 3.0 in (76 mm)
Barrels	1
Action	Muzzle loading
Carriage	900 lb (408 kg)
Muzzle velocity	1,230 ft/s (375 m/s)
Effective firing range	1,850 yd (1,690 m) at 5°

Background

Cannons needed to be strong enough to withstand the explosion that reduced the gunpowder charge to propellant gas. Bronze smoothbore cannons needed a larger gunpowder charge because there was windage – or space – between the shot and the barrel. Windage caused the propellant gases from the explosion to leak out, but it also reduced the stress on the gun barrel. With rifled cannon, the ammunition was designed to expand the shell so that there was no windage between the projectile and the gun barrel. This meant that a smaller gunpowder charge could hurl a rifled projectile farther, but it also meant that the gun barrel was subjected to greater stress.[1] Bronze cannons rarely burst because the metal was flexible. Cast iron was stronger than bronze, but it was also more rigid. This made cast iron guns more prone to burst at the breech or muzzle.[2]

In 1836, when Robert Parker Parrott was an ordnance officer in the US Army, he resigned to take a job with the West Point Foundry in Cold Spring, New York. A few years before the American Civil War, gun manufacturers wrestled with problem of rifling cannons. Bronze was too soft of a metal for rifling, while cast iron was hard enough but too brittle. Parrott attempted to solve this dilemma by inventing a cast iron rifled cannon that had a wrought iron reinforcing band wrapped around the breech.[3] The problem with banded guns was that gravity acted on the bands as they cooled, making an uneven fit. Parrott solved the problem by slowly rotating the gun barrel during the cooling process. The gun was first developed in 1859–1860.[4] Parrott later remarked, "I do not profess to think that they are the best gun in the world, but I think they were the best practical thing that could be got at the time".[5]

Despite the reinforcing band, the gun would burst unpredictably at the muzzle[6] or near the trunnions.[4] The Parrott field guns were simple for the gun crews to operate and the guns were usable even if part of the muzzle was blown off.[5] Another great advantage of the 10-pounder Parrott was its low average cost of $180 per gun barrel. Compared to this, the bronze 12-pounder Napoleon cost $550 and the 3-inch Ordnance rifle cost $350 per gun.[7] On 23 May 1861, the US government accepted the first ten 10-pounder Parrott rifles. The West Point Foundry helped the Federal war effort to such a degree that a joke made the rounds that the US national emblem should be changed from an eagle to a parrot.[3] The 20-pounder Parrott rifle (with banded breech) was also employed in field artillery units, but the 10-pounder Parrott was far more commonly used.[8]

Manufacture

The West Point Foundry manufactured between 228 and 255 2.9-inch 10-pounder Parrott rifles, Model 1861 through the end of 1862. Because the Ordnance Department thoroughly trusted Robert Parrott, he acted as both gun founder and the inspecting ordnance officer, a unique arrangement. The gun barrels weighed between 884 lb (401 kg) and 917 lb (416 kg). The rifling consisted of three equally-wide lands and grooves.[3] At first the guns were equipped with a front sight at the muzzle and a pendulum hausse rear sight. This was soon replaced by a front sight on top of the right rimbase (at the trunnion) and a brass tangent sight mounted on the right side of the wrought iron band.[9] On 24 September 1863, the Ordnance Board recommended that production of the 2.9-inch Parrott be halted and that existing guns be re-bored to 3-inch caliber. This decision may have been influenced by gun jams caused by accidentally loading the 2.9-inch Parrott with 3-inch ammunition. Between November 1864 and June 1865, 119 2.9-inch Parrott rifles were converted to 3-inch caliber, though none have survived. The West Point Foundry halted production of 2.9-inch Parrotts on 13 April 1863 and the new 3-inch versions did not appear until 12 February 1864. Altogether, 279 3-inch Parrott rifles, Model 1863 were manufactured until 4 September 1865.[10]

In 1860, the West Point Foundry sold a Parrott rifle to the state of Virginia. The artillery piece was put through trials by none other than Thomas J. Jackson, a little-known Virginia Military Institute professor who later became the famous general. Impressed by its range and accuracy, Jackson gave it a glowing report, leading Virginia to order 12 more. These guns were probably of 2.9-inch caliber, but this is not certain. In any case, one of these Parrott rifles performed admirably at the Battle of Big Bethel on 10 June 1861.[9] With the outbreak of war, the Tredegar Iron Works began manufacturing a copy of the 2.9-inch Parrott rifle for the Confederacy. Tredegar produced 80 2.9-inch Parrott rifles from 18 November 1861 to 20 February 1865.[11] Other Confederate gun founders manufactured the Parrott rifles including A. B. Reading & Brother of Vicksburg, Mississippi, Street, Hungerford & Jackson of Memphis, Tennessee, and Bujac and Bennett of New Orleans. Five guns survived, but no manufacturer can be positively identified from their markings.[10]

Specifications

Closeup photo shows the reinforcing band on the breech of the 10-pounder Parrott rifle.

The 10-pounder Parrott rifle had a bore (caliber) with a diameter of 2.9 in (74 mm) and fired a projectile weighing 9.5 lb (4.3 kg). Its gun barrel was 74 in (188 cm) long and weighed about 890 lb (403.7 kg). The gunpowder charge weighed 1.0 lb (0.5 kg) and fired the projectile with a muzzle velocity of 1,230 ft/s (375 m/s) to a distance of 1,850 yd (1,692 m) at 5° elevation.[12] The 10-pounder Parrott was manufactured with a right-hand gaining twist (increasing toward the muzzle).[3] The twist rate was one turn in 16 ft (4.9 m).[13] A smoothbore cannon's projectile typically retained only one-third of its muzzle velocity at 1,500 yd (1,372 m) and its round shot could be seen in the air. Meanwhile, a rifled projectile generally retained two-thirds of its initial velocity at 1,500 yds. and remained invisible in flight. However, a rifled projectile could become visible if the shell began to tumble out of control. Tumbling occurred when the shell failed to take the grooves inside the gun barrel or when the spin wore off in flight.[14] The caliber was the same as that of a smoothbore 3-pounder gun, which fired a round shot with a diameter of 2.9 inches.[15] Rifled projectiles were heavier than smoothbore shot because they were elongated.[16]

The 10-pounder Parrott rifle was mounted on the standard carriage for the M1841 6-pounder field gun. Because its projectile weighed more than a 6-pound round shot, the rifle's greater recoil could damage the trail or the cheek pieces of the carriage.[17] The 6-pounder carriage weighed 900 lb (408 kg).[18] The 10-pounder Parrott rifle fired case shot (shrapnel), shell, and canister shot. The use of bolts (solid shot) was rare and it was generally not provided in the ammunition chests. Firing shell without the fuse would accomplish the same result as firing a solid shot from a rifled gun.[19] Parrott ammunition was designed to be used. The Parrott rifles could also fire Hotchkiss ammunition, but gunners were forbidden to use Schenkl ammunition.[20] One weakness of Parrott ammunition was the sabot's position at the projectile's base. This meant that the final impulse on the shell as it left the gun was on its base, potentially causing the shell to wobble.[21]

For two reasons, canister shot fired from rifled guns was less effective than canister fired from a 12-pounder Napoleon or a M1841 12-pounder howitzer. First, the rifled gun's 2.9-inch or 3-inch bore was narrower than the 12-pounder's 4.62 in (117 mm) bore and could hurl fewer canister balls. Second, the barrel's rifling caused the canister to be blasted in an irregular pattern. Union General Henry Jackson Hunt believed that the range of canister fired from rifled guns was only half the 400 yd (366 m) effective range of canister fired from the 12-pounder Napoleon.[22]

Federal batteries were organized with six guns of identical type early in the conflict.[23] Each 6-gun battery required 14 6-horse teams and seven spare horses.[24] The teams towed the six artillery pieces and limbers, six caissons, one battery wagon, and one traveling forge. Each caisson carried two ammunition chests and the limber carried one additional ammunition chest.[25] The 10-pounder Parrott rifle carried 50 rounds in each ammunition chest.[26] A memo from November 1863 specified that rifled guns should have 25 shells, 20 shrapnel (case shot), and five canister rounds in each ammunition chest. In March 1865, a memo recommended that each chest carry 30 shell, 15 shrapnel, and five canister rounds for rifled guns of the horse artillery.[19]

Confederate 2.9-inch Parrott Rifle Specifications (probably copied from Federal Parrott)[11]

Description	Dimension
Diameter of the bore (caliber)	2.91 in (74 mm)
Length of the bore	69.875 in (177.5 cm)
Length from the rear of the knob to the muzzle	78.375 in (199.1 cm)
Length from the end of the breech to the muzzle	72.875 in (185.1 cm)
Length from the rear of the knob to the center of the trunnions	31.5 in (80.0 cm)
Length of the wrought iron band	13.0 in (33.0 cm)
Diameter of the trunnions	3.69 in (94 mm)
Thickness of metal at the wrought iron band	8.47 in (215 mm)
Thickness of metal forward of the wrought iron band	6.09 in (155 mm)
Thickness of metal at the muzzle	3.34 in (85 mm)

History

10-pounder Parrott rifle with Little Round Top in the background at Gettysburg NMP.

Captain Richard Waterman of Battery C, 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery believed that the 10-pounder Parrott rifle was more accurate than the 3-inch Ordnance rifle at 900–1,500 yd (823–1,372 m) range. Union General Quincy Adams Gillmore liked the Parrott rifles, noting that untrained artillery crews could easily learn how to operate them. Confederate officer Edward Porter Alexander wanted to get rid of his 10-pounder Parrott rifles and replace them with M1841 24-pounder howitzers.[6] One artillery officer reported that the Parrott percussion shells performed very well with only two shells failing to explode out of about 30.[27] The tendency of the Parrott rifles to burst without warning made them unpopular with their gun crews. Union Private Augustus Buell of 4th U.S. Artillery, Battery B wrote, "If anything could justify desertion by a cannoneer, it would be assignment to a Parrott battery".[4]

In the First Battle of Kernstown on 23 March 1862, the Union troops temporarily under the command of Nathan Kimball included 4th U.S. Artillery, Battery E (Clark's) armed with six 10-pounder Parrott rifles.[28] At the Battle of Antietam on 17 September 1862, the Union Army of the Potomac counted 57 10-pounder Parrott rifles while the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia had at least 43 available.[29] Union 10-pounder Parrott rifles were almost all massed in four or six gun batteries.[30] Meanwhile, the Confederates distributed theirs by ones, twos, or threes in mixed batteries.[31] The six-gun Union batteries included Battery B, 1st New York Light Artillery (Pettit's), Battery A, 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery (Tompkins's), Battery A, 1st New Jersey Light Artillery (Hexamer's), and Battery D, 1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery (Durell's).[32] McCarthy's Richmond Virginia battery consisted of two 10-pounder Parrott rifles and two 6-pounder field guns.[33]

At the Second Battle of Corinth on 3–4 October 1862, Battery H, 1st Missouri Light Artillery was armed with a mix of 10-pounder Parrott rifles and 24-pounder howitzers.[34] In 1862 alone, the US government ordered 270,699 Parrott projectiles. This included ammunition for Parrott rifles other than the 10-pounder.[35] On 2 July 1863 during the Battle of Gettysburg, the six 10-pounder Parrott rifles of the 5th U.S. Artillery, Battery D commanded by Captain Charles E. Hazlett took position on Little Round Top. When General Gouverneur K. Warren pointed out that the guns would not be able to fire on their attackers, Hazlett replied, "The sound of my guns will be encouraging to our troops."[36] In mid-war, the Army of the Potomac began replacing the 10-pounder Parrott with the 3-inch Ordnance rifle. By May 1864, only five of the 49 batteries in the Army of the Potomac were armed with 10-pounder Parrotts.[4] The Parrott rifles were not used again after the end of the war.[5]

Civil War artillery

Main article: Field artillery in the American Civil War

Characteristics of American Civil War artillery pieces[37][38][note 1]

Description	Caliber	Tube length	Tube weight	Carriage weight	Shot weight	Charge weight	Range 5° elev.
M1841 6-pounder cannon	3.67 in (9.3 cm)	60 in (152 cm)	884 lb (401 kg)	900 lb (408 kg)	6.1 lb (2.8 kg)	1.25 lb (0.6 kg)	1,523 yd (1,393 m)
M1841 12-pounder cannon	4.62 in (11.7 cm)	78 in (198 cm)	1,757 lb (797 kg)	1,175 lb (533 kg)	12.3 lb (5.6 kg)	2.5 lb (1.1 kg)	1,663 yd (1,521 m)
M1841 12-pounder howitzer	4.62 in (11.7 cm)	53 in (135 cm)	788 lb (357 kg)	900 lb (408 kg)	8.9 lb (4.0 kg)	1.0 lb (0.5 kg)	1,072 yd (980 m)
M1841 24-pounder howitzer	5.82 in (14.8 cm)	65 in (165 cm)	1,318 lb (598 kg)	1,128 lb (512 kg)	18.4 lb (8.3 kg)	2.0 lb (0.9 kg)	1,322 yd (1,209 m)
M1857 12-pounder Napoleon	4.62 in (11.7 cm)	66 in (168 cm)	1,227 lb (557 kg)	1,128 lb (512 kg)	12.3 lb (5.6 kg)	2.5 lb (1.1 kg)	1,619 yd (1,480 m)
12-pounder James rifle	3.67 in (9.3 cm)	60 in (152 cm)	875 lb (397 kg)	900 lb (408 kg)[39]	12 lb (5.4 kg)	0.75 lb (0.3 kg)	1,700 yd (1,554 m)
3-inch Ordnance rifle	3.0 in (7.6 cm)	69 in (175 cm)	820 lb (372 kg)	900 lb (408 kg)[18]	9.5 lb (4.3 kg)	1.0 lb (0.5 kg)	1,830 yd (1,673 m)
10-pounder Parrott rifle	3.0 in (7.6 cm)	74 in (188 cm)	899 lb (408 kg)	900 lb (408 kg)[18]	9.5 lb (4.3 kg)	1.0 lb (0.5 kg)	1,900 yd (1,737 m)
20-pounder Parrott rifle	3.67 in (9.3 cm)	84 in (213 cm)	1,750 lb (794 kg)	1,175 lb (533 kg)[39]	20 lb (9.1 kg)	2.0 lb (0.9 kg)	1,900 yd (1,737 m)

Notes

Footnotes

1. Cole and Coggins differ on the 10-pounder Parrott rifle's range.

Citations

1. Cole 2002, p. 75.
2. Cole 2002, p. 77.
3. Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks 2004, p. 109.
4. Morgan 2002.
5. Cole 2002, p. 94.
6. Cole 2002, p. 93.
7. Cole 2002, p. 83.
8. Cole 2002, pp. 91–93.
9. Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks 2004, p. 110.
10. Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks 2004, pp. 112–113.
11. Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks 2004, p. 111.
12. Cole 2002, p. 298.
13. Cole 2002, p. 149.
14. Cole 2002, p. 237.
15. Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks 2004, p. 24.
16. Cole 2002, p. 137.
17. Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks 2004, p. 125.
18. Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks 2004, p. 217.
19. Cole 2002, p. 125.
20. Cole 2002, p. 153.
21. Cole 2002, p. 142.
22. Cole 2002, pp. 130–131.
23. Cole 2002, p. 56.
24. Coggins 1983, p. 73.
25. Coggins 1983, pp. 68–69.
26. Cole 2002, p. 106.
27. Cole 2002, p. 154.
28. Cozzens 2008, p. 161.
29. Johnson & Anderson 1995, p. 129.
30. Johnson & Anderson 1995, pp. 35–38.
31. Johnson & Anderson 1995, pp. 42–46.
32. Johnson & Anderson 1995, pp. 71–77.
33. Johnson & Anderson 1995, p. 87.
34. Cozzens 1997, p. 164.
35. Cole 2002, p. 155.
36. Trudeau 2002, pp. 348–349.
37. Coggins 1983, p. 66.
38. Coggins 1983, p. 77.
39. Johnson & Anderson 1995, p. 25.

References

• Coggins, Jack (1983). Arms and Equipment of the Civil War. New York, N.Y.: Fairfax Press. ISBN 0-517-402351.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Cole, Philip M. (2002). Civil War Artillery at Gettysburg. New York, N.Y.: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81145-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Cozzens, Peter (1997). The Darkest Days of the War: The Battles of Iuka and Corinth. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-5783-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Cozzens, Peter (2008). Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-3200-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Hazlett, James C.; Olmstead, Edwin; Parks, M. Hume (2004). Field Artillery Weapons of the American Civil War. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07210-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Johnson, Curt; Anderson, Richard C. Jr. (1995). Artillery Hell: The Employment of Artillery at Antietam. College Station, Tex.: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-623-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Morgan, James (2002). "Green Ones and Black Ones: The Most Common Field Pieces of the Civil War". civilwarhome.com.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Trudeau, Noah Andre (2002). Gettysburg: A Testing of Courage. New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-019363-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading

• Downey, Brian (2019). "The Weapons of Antietam". Antietam on the Web.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Ripley, Warren (1984). Artillery and Ammunition of the Civil War. Charleston, S.C.: The Battery Press. OCLC 12668104.
• Swain, Craig (2009). "A Tale of Two Parrotts". To the Sound of the Guns.