1.1.1.1

1.1.1.1 is a free Domain Name System (DNS) service. The public DNS service and servers are maintained and owned by Cloudflare in partnership with APNIC.[1] The service functions as a recursive name server providing domain name resolution for any host on the Internet. The service was announced on April 1, 2018,[2] and is claimed by Cloudflare to be "the Internet's fastest, privacy-first consumer DNS service".[3] On November 11, 2018, Cloudflare announced a mobile application of their 1.1.1.1 service for Android and iOS.[4] On September 25, 2019, Cloudflare released WARP, an upgraded version of their original 1.1.1.1 mobile application.[5]

1.1.1.1: Faster Internet (iOS) / 1.1.1.1: Faster & Safer Internet (Android)
Developer(s)Cloudflare
Stable release
Android: 3.8
iOS: 3.12
PlatformAndroid, IOS
Websitehttps://1.1.1.1/

According to DNSPerf, 1.1.1.1 is the world's fastest recursive DNS resolver, beating other popular resolvers such as Google's Public DNS resolver. [6]

Service

The 1.1.1.1 DNS service operates recursive name servers for public use at the four following IP addresses.[7] The addresses are mapped to the nearest operational server by anycast routing.[8] The DNS service is also available for Tor clients.[9] Users can set up the service by manually changing their DNS resolvers to the IP addresses below. Mobile users on both Android and iPhone have the alternative of downloading the 1.1.1.1 mobile application, which automatically configures the DNS resolvers on the device.[10]

1.1.1.1 1.1.1.1 for Families
DoH address https://cloudflare-dns.com/dns-query https://security.cloudflare-dns.com/dns-query https://family.cloudflare-dns.com/dns-query
IPv4 addresses 1.1.1.1
1.0.0.1		 1.1.1.2
1.0.0.2		 1.1.1.3
1.0.0.3
IPv6 addresses 2606:4700:4700::1111
2606:4700:4700::1001		 2606:4700:4700::1112
2606:4700:4700::1002		 2606:4700:4700::1113
2606:4700:4700::1003

Technology

1.1.1.1 is successful as a recursive DNS resolver because of Cloudflare's vast network. Cloudflare runs an authoritative DNS resolver with a network of over 20 million Internet properties.[11] With the recursor and the resolver on the same network, DNS queries can be answered faster than the existing resolvers.

With the release of the 1.1.1.1 mobile application in November 2018, Cloudflare added the ability for users to encrypt their DNS queries over HTTPS (DoH) or TLS (DoT).[12] Later on, WARP was implemented using a new protocol, WireGuard, which acts as a hyper-efficient VPN tunnel.[13]

Exposure of abuse

Technology websites noted that by using 1.1.1.1 as the IP address for its service, Cloudflare exposed misconfigurations in existing setups that violated Internet standards (such as RFC1918). 1.1.1.1 was not a reserved IP address, yet was abused by many existing routers (mostly those sold by Cisco Systems) and companies for hosting login pages to private networks, exit pages or other purposes, rendering the proper routing of 1.1.1.1 impossible on those systems.[14][15] Additionally, 1.1.1.1 is blocked on many networks and by multiple ISPs because the simplicity of the address means that it was previously often used inappropriately for testing purposes and not legitimate use.[14] These previous uses have led to a huge influx of garbage data to Cloudflare's servers.[15]

Cleanup of 1.1.1.1 and 1.0.0.1

The 1.0.0.0/8 IP block was assigned in 2010 to APNIC;[16] before this time it was unassigned space.[17] An unassigned IP space, however is not the same as a reserved IP space for private use (called a reserved IP address).[18] For example, AT&T has said it is working on fixing this issue[19] within its CPE hardware.

Privacy Policy

1.1.1.1 was built as an alternative to the default DNS resolvers from Internet Service Providers (ISP). Since every internet query needs to go through a DNS resolver in order to translate a text-based web address to a numerical IP address, DNS resolvers hold a lot of data on its users. Owners of DNS services, such as an ISP, are able to track exactly what websites a user visits.[6] Cloudflare's 1.1.1.1 markets itself as the antithesis to these traditional DNS resolvers. The service claims to adhere to the following privacy principles: [20]

  1. Don't write user-identifiable log data to disk;
  2. Will never sell your browsing data or use it in any way to target you with advertising data;
  3. The end user is not required to provide any personal information — not their name, phone number, or email address — in order to use the 1.1.1.1 App with Warp; and
  4. Will regularly hire outside auditors to ensure we're living up to these promises.

WARP

On April 1, 2019, Cloudflare announced they were planning to launch a VPN service called WARP which would be built into the 1.1.1.1 mobile app. The standard service would be provided for free, with a paid tier which includes additional features.[21] The service was announced in April and millions of people signed up to get WARP.[22] In the following months, Cloudflare did not release any updates or announcements on WARP, which led to frustrations and negative feedback.[23] After much anticipation, Cloudflare released WARP to the public on September 25, 2019. [24][25]

WARP is an update to Cloudflare's existing 1.1.1.1 mobile application. People can use the application in 3 different modes:

  • 1.1.1.1 uses Cloudflare's public DNS resolver to encrypt DNS queries over DoH and DoT.
  • 1.1.1.1 with WARP allows users to encrypt all their mobile traffic instead of just the DNS queries.
  • WARP+ is the paid premium tier of the service. Using Cloudflare's Argo Smart Routing, WARP+ routes your traffic through the "Internet fast-lane", which makes websites load 30% faster on average.[26]

See also

References
  1. APNIC Labs enters into a research agreement with Cloudflare, Geoff Huston, APNIC Blog, April 2, 2018
  2. Cloudflare launches 1.1.1.1 DNS service that will speed up your internet The Verge, April 1, 2018
  3. Announcing 1.1.1.1: the fastest, privacy-first consumer DNS service, Official Cloudflare Blog
  4. Cimpanu, Catalin. "Cloudflare launches Android and iOS apps for its 1.1.1.1 service | ZDNet". ZDNet.
  5. "WARP is here (sorry it took so long)". The Cloudflare Blog. September 25, 2019. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
  6. ProspectOne. "DNS Performance". www.dnsperf.com. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
  7. Setting Up 1.1.1.1 Speed
  8. Introducing DNS Resolver, 1.1.1.1 (not a joke) DNS resolver, 1.1.1.1, is served by Cloudflare’s Global Anycast Network.
  9. "Introducing DNS Resolver for Tor". Cloudflare. June 5, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  10. 1.1.1.1. "1.1.1.1 — The free app that makes your Internet faster". 1.1.1.1. Retrieved November 22, 2019.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. "Managed DNS Provider | Cloud DNS Service". Cloudflare. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
  12. "Introducing Warp: Fixing Mobile Internet Performance and Security". The Cloudflare Blog. April 1, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
  13. "The Technical Challenges of Building Cloudflare WARP". The Cloudflare Blog. September 25, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
  14. Cherry, Denny (April 5, 2018). "5 reasons Cloudflare's roll-out of 1.1.1.1 has been a disaster". Tech Target. Archived from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  15. "1.1.1.1: Cloudflare's new DNS attracting 'gigabits per second' of rubbish". ZDNet. April 4, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
  16. "1/8 and 27/8 allocated to APNIC". NANOG. January 21, 2010. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  17. List of assigned /8 IPv4 address blocks
  18. Fixing reachability to 1.1.1.1, GLOBALLY!, by Marty Strong, April 10, 2018
  19. Tweet by @billplein, 3 April 2018
  20. "Introducing Warp: Fixing Mobile Internet Performance and Security". The Cloudflare Blog. April 1, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
  21. Khalid, Amrita (April 2, 2019). "Cloudflare's privacy-focused DNS app adds a free VPN". Engadget. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  22. "WARP is here (sorry it took so long)". The Cloudflare Blog. September 25, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
  23. "r/CloudFlare - Cloudflare WARP????????". reddit. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
  24. Humphries, By Matthew; September 26, 2019 10:18AM EST; September 26, 2019. "Cloudflare Finally Launches Warp, But It's Not a Mobile VPN". PCMAG. Retrieved September 27, 2019.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  25. Security, Paul Wagenseil 2019-09-26T20:13:55Z. "WARP Promises Faster Speeds on Your Phone Without 5G, but Doesn't Quite Deliver Yet". Tom's Guide. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
  26. 1.1.1.1. "1.1.1.1 — The free app that makes your Internet faster". 1.1.1.1. Retrieved November 22, 2019.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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