1-Deoxynojirimycin

1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ or 1-DNJ), also called duvoglustat or moranolin,[1] is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, most commonly found in mulberry leaves. Although it can be obtained in small quantities by brewing an herbal tea from mulberry leaves, interest in commercial production has led to research on developing mulberry tea higher in DNJ,[2] and on alternate routes of production, such as via Bacillus species.[3]

1-Deoxynojirimycin
Names
IUPAC name
(2R,3R,4R,5S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.119.812
KEGG
UNII
Properties
C6H13NO4
Molar mass 163.173 g·mol−1
Melting point 195 °C (383 °F; 468 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Biosynthesis

1-Deoxynojirimycin is a polyhydroxylated piperidine alkaloid produced from D-Glucose in various plants, such as Commelina communis, and in the Streptomyces and Bacillus bacteria.[4][5] High quantities of this azasugar are produced in Bacillus subtilis, a process initiated by a TYB gene cluster composed of gabT1 (aminotransferase), yktc1 (phosphatase), and gutB1 (oxidoreductase).[6][7]

In Bacillus subtilis, D-glucose first undergoes glycolysis, opening the 6 member ring and producing fructose-6-phosphate.[8] GabT1 catalyzes transamination at the C2 position, followed by a dephosphorylation by the Yktc1 enzyme,[7] resulting in 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannitol (ADM), an essential precursor.[8] Regio-selective oxidation by GutB1[7] occurs at the exposed C6 hydroxyl of ADM, pushing a C2-N-C6 cyclization of the resulting 6-oxo intermediate,[9] creating Manojirimycin (MJ). Epimerization of MJ at the C2 position yields the nojirimycin isomer. Nojirimycin is then dehydrated (loss of -OH at C1 position), along with reduction of the imine moiety.[9] This results in the product 1-DNJ.[8]

Biosynthesis of 1-deoxynojirimycin in Bacillus subtilis

Pathway variations

In the Streptomyces subrutilus species, a secondary pathway branching from the manojirimycin precursor results in 1-deoxymanojirimycin via dehydration and reduction of the isomer. However, Bacillus subtilis does not produce 1-deoxymanojirimycin despite the presence of the manojirimycin precursor.[4]

Azasugar biosynthesis in Commelina communis involves C1-C5 cyclisation of the original D-glucose precursor without the subsequent inversion.[4][9]

gollark: Yes, it's called SCP-682.
gollark: Some of them are just weird for reasons other than that, though.
gollark: 4703 somehow *does things* just because the law says it can, even though the law is just a human concept and only affects what humans do.
gollark: Really, one of the main things which makes (some) SCPs weird is that they take convenient abstractions/concepts and turn them into immutable physical laws, while our real universe just runs on... well, physics. 173 is affected by line of sight, even though this is just a thing humans do to reason about... looking at things. 005 is just a magic item which unlocks things, 048 is just a label we assign to things which somehow affects them.
gollark: Alternatively, the machine breaks, if it prefers simple changes - so I guess make it STUPIDLY redundant.

See also

References
  1. KEGG: Deoxynojirimycin.
  2. Chaluntorn Vichasilp; et al. (2012). "Development of high 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) content mulberry tea and use of response surface methodology to optimize tea-making conditions for highest DNJ extraction". LWT - Food Science and Technology. 45 (2): 226–232. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2011.09.008.
  3. Onose, S; Ikeda, R; Nakagawa, K; Kimura, T; Yamagishi, K; Higuchi, O; Miyazawa, T (2013). "Production of the α-glycosidase inhibitor 1-deoxynojirimycin from Bacillus species". Food Chemistry. 138 (1): 516–23. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.012. PMID 23265519.
  4. Gomollon-Bel, Fernando; Delso, Ignacio; Tejero, Tomas; Merino, Pedro (2014-11-12). "Biosynthetic Pathways to Glycosidase Inhibitors". Current Chemical Biology. 8 (1): 10–16. doi:10.2174/221279680801141112094818. hdl:10261/122571. ISSN 2212-7968.
  5. Kang, Kyung-Don; Cho, Yong Seok; Song, Ji Hye; Park, Young Shik; Lee, Jae Yeon; Hwang, Kyo Yeol; Rhee, Sang Ki; Chung, Ji Hyung; Kwon, Ohsuk (June 2011). "Identification of the genes involved in 1-deoxynojirimycin synthesis in Bacillus subtilis MORI 3K-85". The Journal of Microbiology. 49 (3): 431–440. doi:10.1007/s12275-011-1238-3. ISSN 1225-8873. PMID 21717329.
  6. Kang, Kyung-Don; Cho, Yong Seok; Song, Ji Hye; Park, Young Shik; Lee, Jae Yeon; Hwang, Kyo Yeol; Rhee, Sang Ki; Chung, Ji Hyung; Kwon, Ohsuk (June 2011). "Identification of the genes involved in 1-deoxynojirimycin synthesis in Bacillus subtilis MORI 3K-85". The Journal of Microbiology. 49 (3): 431–440. doi:10.1007/s12275-011-1238-3. ISSN 1225-8873. PMID 21717329.
  7. Clark, Lorraine F.; Johnson, Jodie V.; Horenstein, Nicole A. (2011-07-22). "Identification of a Gene Cluster that Initiates Azasugar Biosynthesis in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens". ChemBioChem. 12 (14): 2147–2150. doi:10.1002/cbic.201100347. ISSN 1439-4227. PMID 21786380.
  8. Jiang, Peixia; Mu, Shanshan; Li, Heng; Li, Youhai; Feng, Congmin; Jin, Jian-Ming; Tang, Shuang-Yan (2015-02-24). "Design and Application of a Novel High-throughput Screening Technique for 1-Deoxynojirimycin". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 8563. doi:10.1038/srep08563. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4338435. PMID 25708517.
  9. Onose, Shinji; Ikeda, Ryoichi; Nakagawa, Kiyotaka; Kimura, Toshiyuki; Yamagishi, Kenji; Higuchi, Ohki; Miyazawa, Teruo (May 2013). "Production of the α-glycosidase inhibitor 1-deoxynojirimycin from Bacillus species". Food Chemistry. 138 (1): 516–523. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.012. ISSN 0308-8146. PMID 23265519.
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