Çavuş

Çavuş, also anglicized Chaush and Chiaus[1] (from Turkish: çavuş / چاوش, "messenger"), Arabic 'shawish, شاويش'[2], (from Old Turkic chabush or chawush , "person who gives order, person who yells")[3] was an Ottoman title used for two separate soldier professions, both acting as messengers although differing in levels.[4] It was a rank below agha and kethüda (from Persian, kad-khuda, "magistrate"), in units such as the Janissaries and Sipahi, and was also a term for members of the specialized unit of çavuşān (چاوشان, also çavuşiyye,[5] çavuş(an)-i divan(i)[4]) consisting of combined cavalry and infantry serving the Imperial Council (as in Ottoman Egypt).[5] The leaders of the council's çavuş were titled çavuşbaşı / چاوش باشی (or başçavuş / باش چاوش).[6] The çavuşbaşı was an assistant (or deputy) to the Grand Vizier,[7] dealing with security matters,[8] accompanying ambassadors visiting the Grand Vizier,[4] and also carried out the first examination of petitions submitted to the Council, and led council meetings when the Grand Vizier was not present.[8] The title has its origin in Uyghur use, where it was the title of ambassadors, and then entered Seljuq use for Byzantine imperial messengers, and Persian and Arabic use for various court attendants.[4]

Çavuş
Çavuşbaşı
Illustrations from Peter Mundy's A briefe relation of the Turckes, their kings, Emperors, or Grandsigneurs, their conquests, religion, customes, habbits, etc (1618)

The word gave rise to surnames, such as Çavuş (Turkish), Çavuşoğlu (Turkish),[9] Čaušević (Serbo-Croatian),[10] Čaušić (Serbo-Croatian),[11] Baščaušević (Serbo-Croatian),[12] Çaushaj (Albanian), Ceaușu (Romanian), Ceaușescu (Romanian), and others. It is also the stem of place names, such as Çavuş (in Turkey), Çavuşlu (in Turkey), Çavuşlar (in Turkey), Çavuşköy (in Turkey), Çavuşbayırı (in Turkey), Čauševac (in Bosnia),[13] Čauševići (in Bosnia[14] and Serbia), Čaušev Do (in Bosnia),[12] Čauševina (in Bosnia),[12] Čaušlije (in Bosnia),[12] Čaušlija (in Macedonia), Chavusy (in Belarus),[15] Çaushi (in Albania), and others. In the past in former Yugoslavia, the word čauš was also sometimes applied to the wedding-planner.[12]

List of çavuşbaşı
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
  • Daut Bey (fl. 1484), served Sultan Bayezid II (r. 1481–1512)[16]
  • Kuyumcu Süleyman Agha, served Grand Vizier Ipşir Pasha (1653–54)[17]
  • Mehmed Raşid, served Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839)[18]
  • Mustafa Agha
  • Ahmed Agha
  • Selim Pasha
  • Zulfiqar Agha
  • Mohammed Haji-Ajvazade
  • Abdul Kerim Izet

Modern Turkish military usage
Çavuş insignia.

In the modern Turkish Armed Forces, the rank of Çavuş is equivalent of "sergeant" (and NATO OR-5 rank), and ranks above the rank of Onbaşı ("corporal"). The insignia is two inverted chevrons, in red or camouflage pattern, depending on the dress.

gollark: I mean, what do you expect to happen if you do something unsupported and which creates increasingly large problems each time you do it?
gollark: <@151391317740486657> Do you know what "unsupported" means? PotatOS is not designed to be used this way.
gollark: Specifically, 22 bytes for the private key and 21 for the public key on ccecc.py and 25 and 32 on the actual ingame one.
gollark: <@!206233133228490752> Sorry to bother you, but keypairs generated by `ccecc.py` and the ECC library in use in potatOS appear to have different-length private and public keys, which is a problem.EDIT: okay, apparently it's because I've been accidentally using a *different* ECC thing from SMT or something, and it has these parameters instead:```---- Elliptic Curve Arithmetic---- About the Curve Itself-- Field Size: 192 bits-- Field Modulus (p): 65533 * 2^176 + 3-- Equation: x^2 + y^2 = 1 + 108 * x^2 * y^2-- Parameters: Edwards Curve with c = 1, and d = 108-- Curve Order (n): 4 * 1569203598118192102418711808268118358122924911136798015831-- Cofactor (h): 4-- Generator Order (q): 1569203598118192102418711808268118358122924911136798015831---- About the Curve's Security-- Current best attack security: 94.822 bits (Pollard's Rho)-- Rho Security: log2(0.884 * sqrt(q)) = 94.822-- Transfer Security? Yes: p ~= q; k > 20-- Field Discriminant Security? Yes: t = 67602300638727286331433024168; s = 2^2; |D| = 5134296629560551493299993292204775496868940529592107064435 > 2^100-- Rigidity? A little, the parameters are somewhat small.-- XZ/YZ Ladder Security? No: Single coordinate ladders are insecure, so they can't be used.-- Small Subgroup Security? Yes: Secret keys are calculated modulo 4q.-- Invalid Curve Security? Yes: Any point to be multiplied is checked beforehand.-- Invalid Curve Twist Security? No: The curve is not protected against single coordinate ladder attacks, so don't use them.-- Completeness? Yes: The curve is an Edwards Curve with non-square d and square a, so the curve is complete.-- Indistinguishability? No: The curve does not support indistinguishability maps.```so I might just have to ship *two* versions to keep compatibility with old signatures.
gollark: > 2. precompilation to lua bytecode and compressionThis was considered, but the furthest I went was having some programs compressed on disk.

See also

References
  1. "Chiaus". Merriam-Webster.
  2. https://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-ar/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B4/
  3. "*Etimoloji: Kökenbilim, kelimelerin aslını ve evrimini inceleyen disiplin ~ EYun étymon "asıl" + logeía "bilim"". Nisanyansozluk.com. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
  4. Stein 2007, p. 84.
  5. Wilkins 2010, p. 122.
  6. Başaran 2014, p. 186, Holt 2013, p. 238, Stein 2007, p. 84
  7. Başaran 2014, p. 186, Stein 2007, p. 84
  8. Başaran 2014, p. 186.
  9. İbrahim Aksu (2006). The Story of Turkish Surnames: An Onomastic Study of Turkish Family Names, Their Origins, and Related Matters. Olay Gazete Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-9944-5163-0-3.
  10. Rječnik 1882, p. 916, Ujević 1942, p. 207
  11. Šimunović 1995, p. 10.
  12. Ujević 1942, p. 207.
  13. Rječnik 1882, p. 916, Ujević 1942, p. 207
  14. Rječnik 1882, p. 916, Ujević 1942, p. 207
  15. Jan Karłowicz. Imiona własne polskich miejsc i ludzi od zatrudnień. Warszawa, 1887. p. 5.
  16. Zbornik za istoriju, jezik i književnost srpskog naroda: Spomenici na srpskom jeziku. 1. odeljenje. 1934. p. 352.
  17. Evliya Çelebi (1991). The Intimate Life of an Ottoman Statesman, Melek Ahmed Pasha (1588-1662): As Portrayed in Evliya Celebi's Book of Travels (Seyahat-name). SUNY Press. pp. 129–. ISBN 978-0-7914-0640-3.
  18. Albert Hourani; Philip Shukry Khoury; Mary Christina Wilson (1993). The Modern Middle East: A Reader. University of California Press. pp. 45–. ISBN 978-0-520-08241-0.

Sources
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