¡Santiago!

¡Santiago! (or ¡Santiago y cierra, España!), is a Christian rallying cry of Spanish soldiers during the Reconquista and crusading era of medieval Spain. The phrase, “¡Santiago y cierra España!” — literally, “St. James and Seal Spain!” or "Santiago and close, Spain!" was an appeal to St. James to intercede in closing Spain's borders from foreign bodies and invasion.[1] Contrary to this interpretation there are other authors who argue that the military order closes, in military terms means to engage in combat, attack or attack; "Close" the distance between you and the enemy.

Saint James, represented as a Moor-slayer.

Origins

The first reported usage of the war cry was during the ninth century, where St. James was purported to have appeared to King Ramiro I of Asturias (842-850) prior to the battle of Clavijo where he encouraged and assured the Christian king of victory, stating:
     

"I will come to your aid and on the morrow by the hand of God you will overcome the countless multitude of Saracens... You will see me on a white horse... bearing a great white banner." [2]
     

As promised, the Apostle James appeared on horseback and the Spanish troops shouted, "May God and St. James help us!"[2]
     

Thus, it was during this conflict that the battle cry of St. James originated. The association of St. James with intervening in battle evolved during the medieval era and reconquest of Spain. As such, the concepts of St. James and warfare became tightly interwoven (ie: Santiago as Matamoros or the Moor-slayer). By the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the appeals of Spanish soldiers and crusaders requesting assistance from God, the Virgin Mary or diverse Catholic Saints prior to engaging in battle with Muslim armies were common place and well attested to, as adduced in the epic poem of Cantar de mio Cid, 731:[3]
     

  • "Los Moros llaman Mafomat e los Cristianos Santi Yague."
  • "The Moors call on Muhammad, and the Christians on Santiago."

In the heat of battle, war cries were customary occurrences and although there are a variety of battle cries used throughout the history of the Reconquista, (eg: "St. Mary and Santiago!" or "Castilla!" or "Castilla and King Alfonso!" or "Santa Maria!")[4] the most enduring rallying cry of the reconquest of Spain was “¡Santiago y cierra, España!"

gollark: I do wish the internetworking companies would just use some sort of scheme of limited bandwidth with some allowance for short peaks instead of data caps, which would match closer to what the actual constraints are.
gollark: Though over here they're mostly just used on mobile phone connections, not home ones.
gollark: Data caps do kind of work well at getting people to use less *bandwidth* because people don't use their internet connection as much, but they don't actually have some finite amount of internets or something weird like that.
gollark: Though you do need sensible small parties in the first place.
gollark: Probably less so, if you can vote for a popular party you like less and a less popular one you like more. It reduces the "I don't like either big party but I'm voting for the least bad one" thing.

References
  1. "Santiago As Matamoros: Race, Class, And LIMPIEZA DE SANGRE In A Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript".
  2. O'Callaghan, Joseph (2004). Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 195. ISBN 9780812218893.
  3. O'Callaghan, Joseph (1975). A History of Medieval Spain. Cornell University Press. p. 105. ISBN 9780801408809.
  4. O'Callaghan, Joseph (2014). The Gibraltar Crusade. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 252. ISBN 9780812223026.
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