I found very same issue faced by OP while installing Visual Studio 2017. I had downloaded the bootstrap exe from MSDN which kicks off the download and install process. I faced this error even though my user account was an administrator on the target machine.
Looking at the error I gave full access to everyone
user on the folder in which the setup file was present. It worked after that. You can accomplish it from Security
tab in Properties
window for any directory. I was able to do it easily as I was working in a private Hyper-V lab. Changing the access rights on a PC in corporate environment might require additional help from your IT support team.
Many a times running the setup exe with administrative privileges also solves the issue. Most MS installers always require administrative privileges as they've to alter system registry and copy data in %programfiles% directory. If you want to try this route then right click the installer file > Select Run as administrator
option from context menu.