I use my windows with another language than my countries language. In the locale settings of windows 10 I have installed two languages.
It turned out, that on the alternate (my countries) langue, the language pack was not installed. Up to now this was not a problem, but it seems after a windows mail update, the language pack was mandatory and therefore windows mail crashes. Probably it's a problem with the spell checker.
To correct this: Go to control panel -> Clock, Language, Region -> Language -> Language Options and install for every language the language pack where it is not installed (restart is needed).