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Is there any risk to either the hard drive or the laptop if I connect them together using a USB 2.0 to SATA IDE cable?
Is there any risk in creating a back-up of the laptop, on the 3.5" SATA HDD with only 5w power using with USB 2.0 TO SATA/IDE cable?
-1 'absolutely no risk'; a fluctuating power level (e.g over-strained USB bus) can directly cause data corruption. (My only source is personal experience - faulty caddy with 12v rail that varied +-0.5v @0.5Hz would render drives unreadable). – RJFalconer – 2014-05-19T15:31:47.573
USB has no 12V rail, so that would have been your adapter's PSU at fault, not the USB. Also, it has over-current protection - draw too much current and it shuts off the power. You don't get "over strained" USB busses. – Majenko – 2014-06-12T18:51:42.017