Cannot enable Windows Defender virus protection

Question

Windows 10 Pro,
Version 1709
OS Build 16299.522

I cannot enable "Virus and Threat Protection" in the Windows Defender:

What I see in the Defender window:

When I press "Restart now" I get error "Turn on Controlled folder access to enable or edit protection". Of course, I cannot enable it.

The usual way to enable the feature works through Windows Defender, which is currently unavailable to me - https://www.tenforums.com/tutorials/113380-enable-disable-controlled-folder-access-windows-10-a.html

I also cannot enable it via PowerShell:

PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> Set-MpPreference -EnableControlledFolderAccess Enabled
Set-MpPreference : Operation failed with the following error: 0x800106ba. Operation: Set-MpPreference. Target: EnableCo
ntrolledFolderAccess.
At line:1 char:1
+ Set-MpPreference -EnableControlledFolderAccess Enabled
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    + CategoryInfo          : NotSpecified: (MSFT_MpPreference:root\Microsoft\...FT_MpPreference) [Set-MpPreference],
   CimException
    + FullyQualifiedErrorId : HRESULT 0x800106ba,Set-MpPreference

And via Local Group Policy.

When I open Local Group Policy I get error "Resource '$(string.AllowEncryptionOracle)' referenced in attribute displayName could not be found." (and three more similar errors) :

After this I navigate to the necessary location:

Computer Configuration\Administrative Templates\Windows Components\Windows Defender Antivirus\Windows Defender Exploit Guard\Controlled folder access

enable the feature here, but it does no effect.

The way four via registry from the instruction also doesn't work.