Why can I cd into non-executable directories mounted with sshfs?

Question

I noticed that I can cd into non-executable directories that are mounted with sshfs.

First, I created directories with all eight possible modes:

$ pwd
/mnt/remote
$ for i in {0..7}; do mkdir test_$i; chmod $i$i$i test_$i; done
$ ll
total 32K
d--------- 2 <user> <user> 4,0K Okt 19 12:39 test_0
d--x--x--x 2 <user> <user> 4,0K Okt 19 12:39 test_1
d-w--w--w- 2 <user> <user> 4,0K Okt 19 12:39 test_2
d-wx-wx-wx 2 <user> <user> 4,0K Okt 19 12:39 test_3
dr--r--r-- 2 <user> <user> 4,0K Okt 19 12:39 test_4
dr-xr-xr-x 2 <user> <user> 4,0K Okt 19 12:39 test_5
drw-rw-rw- 2 <user> <user> 4,0K Okt 19 12:39 test_6
drwxrwxrwx 2 <user> <user> 4,0K Okt 19 12:39 test_7

Then, I simply checked whether I could cd into each them.

$ for i in {0..7}; do cd test_$i; echo $?; cd /mnt/remote; done
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

So cd succeeds even for the non-executable directories, which should be impossible.*

As per the suggestion in the comments, I also tried to list the directory after opening it:

$ for i in {0..7}; do cd test_$i && ls >/dev/null; echo $?; cd /mnt/remote; done
ls: reading directory .: Permission denied
2
ls: reading directory .: Permission denied
2
ls: reading directory .: Permission denied
2
ls: reading directory .: Permission denied
2
0
0
0
0

The interesting directories here are test_4 and test_6 as they have read permission, but no execute permission. However, ls succeeds for both of them. It does fail for test_0 through test_3, which are missing read permission.

Why does this happen?

---

*: To confirm this, I did the same experiment on my local machine:

$ for i in {0..7}; do cd test_$i; echo $?; cd ~/work/permission_tests; done
cd: permission denied: test_0
1
0
cd: permission denied: test_2
1
0
cd: permission denied: test_4
1
0
cd: permission denied: test_6
1
0

So it does give the expected results there.