Homeostasis

Homeostasis (Latin: homeo-, "similar to"; stasis, "a standing still")[1] is a steady state (a system that does not stray away from a range of favorable conditions, maintaining a relative constancy) in which processes exert positive and negative control over the variables in a system. In other words, it is a system that remains in a certain range of stability, with certain factors affecting it while also responding to the changes in order for the system to remain more or less the same. A prominent example of such would be our body temperature: for the most part, humans maintain a fairly constant temperature of 37° C (98.6° F for Americans).[note 1] If it is cold outside, the body generates heat in order to preserve that temperature internally; if it is a hot day outside, sweat is produced which later evaporates and thus cools the body.[3]

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In biology, there are four categories of homeostatic control.

Physiological

These processes regulate and maintain the internal environment of a cell or an organism. Each process involves:

1) A sensory device that monitors the value of a variable
2) An input from the sensor to an effector whenever the value changes beyond a set threshold
3) An effector that restores the value of the variable to normal and stops the original input (negative feedback)

Examples of physiological homeostasis include the control of blood sugar levels, heart rate, and body temperature.

Developmental

These are the processes that control disturbances in developmental conditions, ensuring that the fitness of the organism is not impaired.

Genetic
See the main article on this topic: Genetics

This describes the tendency for species to resist the effects of artificial selection, in order to maintain genetic composition.

Ecological

There are some ecological processes that are considered homeostatic, such as the regulation of population density and diversity.

Notes
  1. The 37° C measurement was based on a mid-1800s study of Germans, but there is growing evidence of variability.[2]
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References
  1. https://www.etymonline.com/word/homeostasis
  2. Bolivia's Tsimane people’s average body temperature fell half a degree in 16 years: A new study adds to evidence that 37° Celsius, or 98.6° Fahrenheit, is no longer the norm by Sujata Gupta (November 13, 2020 at 8:00 am) Science News.
  3. Urry, Lisa A. (2016). "Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function". Campbell Biology 11th ed. Pearson. pp. 879. ISBN 0-134-09341-0.


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