Help me with trigonometry!

Question

Thank you guys so much for your help with calculus. Now I need some help with my upcoming trigonometry test.

On the test, I'll need to simplify expressions. I’ll be given input like 4sin(x)/(2cos(x)) and will have to produce a simpler, but equivalent expression (such as 2tan(x)). All angles are in degrees, and we'll pretend there are no division-by-zero or invalid-domain issues. (For example, we'll assume that tan(x+1)cot(x+1)sin(x)/sin(x) is always 1.)

I snuck into the professor's office, and got a list of 100 problems that might be on the test. Please give me teh code to solve them all. It’s possible that some of the problems are already simplified as much as possible; if so just give back the input.

I need expressions to be simplified, but I also want a short program (or function) so the professor won't notice. Try to minimize the sum of the program’s length and the total length of all of the solutions.

Just to clarify, it's okay if some of the expressions are returned unchanged, or even returned in an equivalent but longer form. Also, the program only needs to work on the expressions listed below; it can return incorrect results or even break for other inputs.

As you can tell, all of the problems follow a similar format. x is the only variable used, there are no spaces, and parentheses follow each function name. (The functions are sin, cos, tan, sec, csc, and tan.) There are no nested functions, but inside a function may be an expression like 3x+4.5 or -2-.7x. Exponents may be used, but only on functions (e.g. sin(x-.5)^7), and the power is always a integer above one. Multiplication is indicated through concatenation.

The outputs will need to be in this format as well. Invalid: sin x, sin(x)/cos(x)tan(x) [is the tangent multiplied or divided?], cos(x [close all parentheses], 4*sin(x), sec(x)^1

I can use any programming language, unless it relies on built-in simplification or expression-handling functions. Built-in trig functions are okay. (I'll have a very basic scientific calculator during the test.) Also, since I'll be reading the program written on paper, I can only use printable ASCII characters (0x20 through 0x7E) and newlines.

1/(sec(x))
4+sin(x)+3
(cos(7x+4)-sin(-3x))/(sin(-3x))
2sin(x)2tan(x).25cos(x)^3cos(x)+1+1
7cos(x)sec(x)/(14tan(x)csc(x))
sin(x)cos(x)/sec(x)
8sin(x)cos(x)sin(x)/tan(x)+8sin(x)
sin(x)^9cos(x)cot(x)sec(x)csc(x)sec(x)tan(x)/(cot(x)^2tan(x)cos(x)^4cot(x)sin(x))
tan(x)cos(x)csc(x)
tan(x+1)sin(x-1)cos(x+1)^3tan(x-1)^2sin(-x+1)csc(x+1)tan(-x+1)/(cos(x-1)cot(x+1))
(cos(2x)+cot(2x)-sin(2x)+csc(2x)^3)/(cot(2x)+sin(2x))
cos(90-x)cos(x)
sin(x+180)sec(450-x)
tan(-x)sin(x+90)sec(x-90)
tan(x+180)^2
cot(-x)cos(-x)
cot(180-x)^3cos(270-x)^2
sin(.1x-.2)sin(.1x-.2)sin(.1x-.2)sin(.2-.1x)sin(.2-.1x)
sin(x)
sin(90-x)sin(x)+cos(90-x)/sec(x)
tan(3x+2)cos(3x+2)/sin(3x+2)-1
cos(x)cos(x)cos(x)cos(x)cos(x)
sec(2x+1)sec(-1-2x)+sec(-2x-1)sec(2x+1)
cos(4x)cot(4x)tan(4x)sin(4x)csc(4x)
-cos(x)+cos(x)+sin(2x-4)-1/csc(2x-4)
sec(x)sec(x+2)cot(x)tan(x-2)tan(x+180)
tan(x)(tan(x))
3sin(x)sin(x)/(3)
cos(x)sin(x)
tan(x)sec(x)^2
tan(x)^2-sec(x)^2
7+sin(x)csc(x)csc(x)+cot(x)^2
sin(90)+cos(-90)+sec(180)
csc(1)+csc(10)-csc(30)-csc(60)+csc(90)
sin(36000001)
csc(800)+(cot(720+x)-sec(4x-720))
sin(-x)+sin(x)
csc(-x)+csc(x)
4sin(x)-sin(x)+tan(x)-2tan(x)
cot(x)+10cot(x+90)+99cot(x+180)+.01cot(x-90)
tan(x)tan(x+180)
sec(x)sin(x+180)tan(x-270)cot(x-450)csc(x+90)
sin(x)/cot(x)+sin(x)/cot(x)
sin(x)csc(x)+tan(x)cot(x)+cos(x)sec(x)
cot(x)
9tan(x+90)+90tan(x+9)
cos(x-9999)+tan(x+99999)
2tan(x)tan(x)/2
tan(x)/tan(x-360)+cos(x+180)/cos(x)
csc(4x)sec(270-4x)
cot(91+x)tan(x-449)
csc(2x)(csc(2x)-sin(2x))
csc(x+1)^2-cot(x+1)cot(x+1)
cot(x)cot(x)+1
tan(x)^2-sec(x)sec(x)
tan(x)/cot(x)+csc(x)/csc(x)
cot(x)sin(x)/cos(x)
csc(x)tan(x)cos(x)
csc(x)cot(x)cos(x)
csc(x+90)csc(-x+270)-1
cot(x)/cot(x)+tan(x)/cot(x)+cot(x)cot(x)
sec(x)sec(x)sec(x)sec(x+90)sec(x-90)sec(x+180)
1-cos(x)cos(x+180)+sin(x)^2
sec(x)sec(x)sec(x)sec(x)/cos(x)+cot(x)
cot(x+1)csc(x-1)sec(x+1)tan(x-1)sin(x+1)cos(x-1)
sin(x)-cos(x)+tan(x)-sec(x)+cos(x)-csc(x)
tan(x+23515)-sec(-.27x-23456)
sec(-.9x)
-tan(-x)-csc(360-x)
cos(-x)sec(x)sin(x)csc(-x)
tan(-x)^2-sin(-x)/sin(x)
tan(x)tan(x)+1
csc(x)^2-1
cot(2x)cot(2x)-csc(2x)/sin(2x)
2sec(x)/(6cos(x))
sec(0)+tan(30)cos(60)-csc(90)sin(120)cot(150)+tan(180)csc(210)sin(240)-cos(270)sec(300)+cot(330)
tan(x-1234567)sec(4781053+x)^2
tan(-1234567x)sec(4781053x)^2
sin(x)^9+cos(x)^7+csc(x)^5-cot(x)^3
cos(-33x-7.7)
sec(-.1-x)+tan(-2x-77)
tan(x)+sin(x)-cos(x)+tan(x)-sin(x)
cos(x)-sec(x)/tan(x)+tan(x)/sin(x)
cot(x)-cos(x)/sin(x)
3cos(x)+2/sec(x)-10sin(x)/(2tan(x))
tan(x+3)^11+sin(x+3)^8-cos(x+3)^5+5
sec(x)+sec(x)
csc(.1x)csc(-.1x)csc(x)
cot(x-7)cot(x-7)cot(x+173)cot(x-7)cot(x+173)cot(x-367)
cos(.0001x+1234567)
cot(45)+tan(225)-sin(210)+cos(-60)
sin(12345)cos(23456)tan(34567)sec(45678)csc(56789)cot(67890)
cos(1234x)+cot(1234)+tan(1234x)+sec(1234)+csc(1234)+sin(1234x)
sec(x)sec(x)sec(x)sec(x)sec(x)sec(x)
csc(x)cot(x)sec(x)csc(x)tan(x)sec(x)cot(x)csc(x)cot(x)cos(x)cos(x)cot(x)sin(x)sin(x)cot(x)
csc(2553273)+cot(1507348)-sec(5518930)+csc(5215523)+tan(3471985)-sec(4985147)
sin(20x)+cos(20x)-tan(20x)+sin(20x)-csc(20x)+cot(20x)-tan(20x)+csc(20x)
cot(100000)+cot(100000x)+cot(100000x)+cot(100000)
csc(5x+777)sin(5x+777)
csc(4.5x)

Note: This scenario is entirely fictional. In real life, cheating and helping others cheat is wrong and should never be done.

Answer 1

Python, 436 + 1909 = 2345

This must be one of the most inefficient solutions imaginable and mathematicians will probably cringe, but I've managed to throw something together that actually simplifies about half of the expressions without any hardcoding:

from math import*
import exrex,re
d=lambda f:lambda x:f(x*pi/180)
sin,cos,tan=d(sin),d(cos),d(tan)
i=lambda f:lambda x:1/f(x)
sec,csc,cot=i(cos),i(sin),i(tan)
t=lambda s:[round(eval(re.sub('([\d\).])([\(a-z])','\\1*\\2',s).replace('^','**')+'+0')*1e9)for x in[1,44]]
def f(I):
 try:return min((s for s in exrex.generate('(-?\d|\(1/\d\.\))?([+-]?(sin|cos|tan|cot|sec|csc)\(x\)(\^\d)?){0,4}')if s and t(s)==t(I)),key=len)
 except:return I

The output for the 100 test cases should be the following (where # marks expressions that were not simplified):

cos(x)
7+sin(x)
#
2+tan(x)^2cos(x)^2
(1/2.)cos(x)
sin(x)cos(x)^2
#
sin(x)^2tan(x)^7
1
#
#
sin(x)cos(x)
-1
-1
tan(x)^2
-cot(x)cos(x)
-cot(x)cos(x)^2
#
sin(x)
2sin(x)cos(x)
0
cos(x)^5
#
#
#
#
tan(x)^2
sin(x)^2
sin(x)cos(x)
tan(x)sec(x)^2
-1
7+cot(x)^2+csc(x)
0
#
#
#
0
0
3sin(x)-tan(x)
#
tan(x)^2
-tan(x)sec(x)
2sin(x)tan(x)
3
cot(x)
#
#
tan(x)^2
0
#
1
#
1
csc(x)^2
-1
sec(x)^2
1
1
cot(x)^2
-1-sec(x)^2
cot(x)^2+sec(x)^2
sec(x)^4csc(x)^2
2
cot(x)+sec(x)^5
#
sin(x)+tan(x)-csc(x)-sec(x)
#
#
tan(x)+csc(x)
-1
sec(x)^2
sec(x)^2
cot(x)^2
-1
(1/3.)sec(x)^2
#
#
#
#
#
#
2tan(x)-cos(x)
cos(x)-csc(x)+sec(x)
0
0
#
2sec(x)
#
#
#
3
#
#
sec(x)^6
cot(x)^4csc(x)
#
#
#
1
#

The idea is quite simple:

• generate a huge amount of possible expressions
• select those that yield the same result as the expression you want to simplify, comparing them for some (here two) x values
• from the equivalent expressions return the shortest one

The problem is that there are quite a lot of possible expressions to check, so I limited it to a subset.

To be honest I was not patient enough to test the golfed code above. (Tell me if you think that's cheating.) Instead I used a much longer but more efficient rule to generate an even smaller subset of expressions that hopefully still contains all the desired simplifications. Should you want to try that, replace the regular expression in the second to last line of the code with the following (and be prepared for a few minutes of computation time):

'0|((-1|\(1/[23]\.\)|[1237])[+-]?)?(sin\(x\)(\^2)?)?-?(tan\(x\)(\^[27])?)?(cot\(x\)(\^[24])?)?[+-]?(cos\(x\)(\^[25])?)?(sec\(x\)(\^[2456])?)?(csc\(x\)(\^2)?)?'

The program also contains quite some overhead that was needed to make Python understand the mathematical expressions. This involved

• redefining sin,cosand tan to take arguments in degrees instead of radiens (which is what I think the OP intended)
• defining sec,csc and cot which are not part of the math package
• inserting all the implied multiplication signs
• replacing the exponentiation operator

Answer 2

CJam, 1 + 3000 = 3001

Just as the baseline solution to give people something to beat:

l

This reads STDIN onto the stack, whose contents are printed at the end of the program.

I'm sure this can be beaten, but I'm also sure that many optimisations can't be implemented in the characters that would be gained.

Answer 3

Javascript (438 + 2498 = 2936)

The object in the middle optionally contains simplified outputs based on the length of the input and the first character. Otherwise, the input is returned unmodified.

s='sin(x)';(p=prompt)({
    352:s+"^2cos(x)^3+2",
    307:"cos(x)/2",
    348:s+"8(1+cos(x)^2)",
    "81s":s+"^2tan(x)^7",
    "55s":"-sin(0.2-0.1x)^5",
    "39s":"2sec(2x+1)^2",
    "35c":"cos(4x)",
    "36-":0,
    173:s+"^2",
    "25s":0,
    294:s+"3-tan(x)",
    "27s":s+"2/cot(x)",
    "40c":"1+tan(x)^2+cot(x)^2",
    "48c":1,
    "41s":s+"+tan(x)-csc(x)-sec(x)",
    "26c":-1,
    "24t":"1+tan(x)^2",
    "96s":"2.5+1/cos(30)",
    "34t":"2tan(x)-cos(x)",
    353:0,
    "36s":"6sec(x)",
    "90s":"cot(x)^4csc(x)"
}[(i=p()).length+i[0]]||i)

The whitespace is just for decoration and not included in the character count.

It's a shame that adding all these solutions only saved me a few characters, but better than nothing. The simplification was done via wolframalpha – I'll just trust it.