Help! My calculator malfunctions!

Question

Introduction

My calculator is behaving weird. Sometimes when I type in an 8 it displays a 2. And sometimes when I type in a 6 it displays a +. Some buttons are mixed up!
Could anyone help me determine which?

Challenge:

Input: List of incorrect equations, with correct results.

Output: The two buttons that are swapped.

For example:
An input could be:

123    = 3
8423   = 252
4+4    = 8
4*7-10 = 417
9/3    = 3
42-9   = -36

For which the expected outputs are: 2 and *.

Why? Because ALL the equations would be correct if we swap the 2's and *'s:

1*3    = 3
84*3   = 252
4+4    = 8
427-10 = 417
9/3    = 3
4*-9   = -36

Challenge rules:

• Input can be in any reasonable format. Can be a single string with space delimited; a string-list or -array; a list with equations and another list with the correct results. Your call. Please state which input format you've used!
  NOTE: This also means you are allowed to input the test case -5--15 as -5- -15 or -5 - -15. However, a number resulting in -- should either be inputted without spaces or with a space between every digit. So test case 9119 can be inputted like 9119 or 9 1 1 9 (reason 91 19 isn't allowed is because you can then be guided by the space for finding - -). So spaces are (somewhat) optional and allowed.
• Output format can be in any reasonable format as well. Can be two characters; a single two-character string; a string-list containing the two characters. Your call. Again, please state which output format you've used!
• You are allowed to use any distinct 14 outputs that map to 0123456789+-*/. So you are even allowed to output two distinct integers if you want to (again, please specify the mapping you've used, if any).
• You only have to support integers. So there won't be any test cases like 1/8=0.125 or 1/8=0.
• Arithmetic operands you'll have to support: addition (+); subtraction (-); multiplication (* or × or ·); division (/ or ÷). (NOTE: Characters between parenthesis are only added as clarification.)
• You'll have to support negative numbers. This means - can be interpreted in the equation as both a mathematical operand or a negative indicator.
• You can assume the given incorrect equations and supposed correct equations are always valid (so there won't be things like 4-/2 or 9+-+8 for example).
• The incorrect input-equations can contain a division by 0, but the corrected and expected equations will never contain division by 0.
• The incorrect input-equations can already be correct even if you swap the intended buttons back.
• A given input equation can be irrelevant for the buttons to swap (like the 4+4=8 and 9/3=3 equations, with the swapped buttons 2 and *).
• You can assume there will always be only one possible swap that can be made with the given test cases.
• Both buttons to swap will always be present in at least one of the incorrect equations.

General rules:

• This is code-golf, so shortest answer in bytes wins.
  Don't let code-golf languages discourage you from posting answers with non-codegolfing languages. Try to come up with an as short as possible answer for 'any' programming language.
• Standard rules apply for your answer, so you are allowed to use STDIN/STDOUT, functions/method with the proper parameters and return-type, full programs. Your call.
• Default Loopholes are forbidden.
• If possible, please add a link with a test for your code.
• Also, please add an explanation if necessary.

Test cases:

Input:
123    = 3
8423   = 252
4+4    = 8
4*7-10 = 417
9/3    = 3
42-9   = -36

Output: 2 *

Input:
4/2   = 6
3/0   = 3
0/8+2 = 4
95-5  = 90
4+2   = 2

Output: + /

Input:
7+4    = 11
5-15   = 46
212-23 = -2121

Output: 1 -

Input:
4+8/2-9*1 = -5
99/3-13   = 20
1+2+3+4   = 10
4-3-2-1   = -6

Output: 2 4

Input:
18/18  = 1
98-8   = 90
55*88  = 4840
-5--15 = 10

Ouput: 5 8

Input:
9119    = 18
5-3     = 513
8*-9    = 152
13116/3 = -1

Output: 1 -

Answer 1

Perl 6, 132 113 bytes

Thanks to Jo King for -19 bytes.

->\e,$r {first {($!=e.trans($_=>.flip))ne e&&try "all {$!.&{S:g/\-/- /}} Z==$r".EVAL},[X~] (|^10,|<+ - * />)xx 2}

Try it online!

Input is a comma-separated string of equations and a comma-separated string of results (hope this is OK). Output is a string containing the two swapped buttons.

Correctly handles --. Might product false positives for ---, ++, **, or //, but I couldn't come up with a test case.

Answer 2

JavaScript (ES7), 159 158 bytes

Edit: new version to comply with the updated rules regarding --
Saved 1 byte thanks to @Shaggy

Takes input in currying syntax (e)(r) where e is the array of equations and r is the array of expected results. Returns an array of characters.

e=>r=>(l=[...2**29+'4+-*/']).filter(x=>l.some(y=>eval("try{eval((S=(s=`[${e}]`).replace(/./g,c=>c==x?y:c==y?x:c)).split`--`.join`+`)+''==r&S!=s}catch(e){}")))

Test cases

let f =

e=>r=>(l=[...2**29+'4+-*/']).filter(x=>l.some(y=>eval("try{eval((S=(s=`[${e}]`).replace(/./g,c=>c==x?y:c==y?x:c)).split`--`.join`+`)+''==r&S!=s}catch(e){}")))

console.log(JSON.stringify(f
  ([ '123', '8423', '4+4', '4*7-10', '9/3', '42-9' ])
  ([ 3, 252, 8, 417, 3, -36 ])
));

console.log(JSON.stringify(f
  ([ '4/2', '3/0', '0/8+2', '95-5', '4+2' ])
  ([ 6, 3, 4, 90, 2 ])
));

console.log(JSON.stringify(f
  ([ '7+4', '5-15', '212-23' ])
  ([ 11, 46, -2121 ])
));

console.log(JSON.stringify(f
  ([ '4+8/2-9*1', '99/3-13', '1+2+3+4', '4-3-2-1' ])
  ([ -5, 20, 10, -6 ])
));

console.log(JSON.stringify(f
  ([ '18/18', '98-8', '55*88', '-5--15' ])
  ([ 1, 90, 4840, 10 ])
));

console.log(JSON.stringify(f
  ([ '9119', '5-3', '8*-9', '13116/3' ])
  ([ 18, 513, 152, -1 ])
));

Formatted and commented

e => r =>                                  // given e and r
  (l = [...2 ** 29 + '4+-*/'])             // generate l = [...'5368709124+-*/']
  .filter(x =>                             // for each character x of l
    l.some(y =>                            // for each character y of l
      eval("try {                          // we need to 'try', because we don't know
        eval(                              // whether the following expression is valid
          (S = (s = `[${e}]`).             // s = list of equations coerced to a string
            replace(/./g, c =>             // S =
              c == x ? y : c == y ? x : c  //   s with x and y exchanged
            )                              // end of replace()
          ).split`--`.join`+`              // replace '--' with '+'
        ) + '' == r                        // does the resulting list match r?
        & S != s                           // and was at least one character modified?
      } catch(e){}")                       // if we try, we oughta catch
    )                                      // end of some()
  )                                        // end of filter()

Answer 3

Oracle SQL & PL/SQL, 458 Bytes

Input can be in any reasonable format. [...] a list with equations and another list with the correct results.

Compile the PL/SQL function (210 bytes):

CREATE FUNCTION f(x CHAR,y CHAR)RETURN NUMBER IS o NUMBER;BEGIN EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'BEGIN :1:='||REPLACE(x,'--','- -')||';END;'USING OUT o;RETURN CASE o WHEN y THEN 1 END;EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN RETURN 0;END;

Run the SQL (248 bytes):

WITH r(v)AS(SELECT SUBSTR('1234567890-+*/',LEVEL,1)FROM DUAL CONNECT BY LEVEL<15)SELECT r.v,s.v FROM T,r,r s WHERE r.v<>s.v GROUP BY r.v,s.v HAVING SUM(f(TRANSLATE(x,r.v||s.v,s.v||r.v),y))=(SELECT COUNT(1)FROM T)AND SUM(INSTR(x,r.v)+INSTR(x,s.v))>0

After having create a table T with the test data:

CREATE TABLE T(X,Y) AS
  SELECT '123',    3     FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '8423',   252   FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '4+4',    8     FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '4*7-10', 417   FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '9/3',    3     FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '42-9',   -36   FROM DUAL

Output:

V V_1
- ---
2 *
* 2

Previous Version:

Assumed a string input like '123 = 3':

Same PL/SQL function and the SQL (322 bytes):

WITH r(v)AS(SELECT SUBSTR('1234567890-+*/',LEVEL,1)FROM DUAL CONNECT BY LEVEL<15),y(x,y)AS(SELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR(t,'[^=]+'),REGEXP_SUBSTR(t,'-?\d+$')FROM T)SELECT r.v,s.v FROM y,r,r s WHERE r.v<>s.v GROUP BY r.v,s.v HAVING SUM(f(TRANSLATE(x,r.v||s.v,s.v||r.v),y))=(SELECT COUNT(1)FROM T)AND SUM(INSTR(x,r.v)+INSTR(x,s.v))>0

After having create a table T with the test data:

CREATE TABLE T(T) AS
  SELECT '123    = 3'   FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '8423   = 252' FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '4+4    = 8'   FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '4*7-10 = 417' FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '9/3    = 3'   FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '42-9   = -36' FROM DUAL;

Output:

V V_1
- ---
2 *
* 2

Update - Testing:

SQL Fiddle

Oracle 11g R2 Schema Setup:

CREATE FUNCTION F(x CHAR,y CHAR)RETURN NUMBER IS o NUMBER;BEGIN EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'BEGIN :1:='||REPLACE(x,'--','- -')||';END;'USING OUT o;RETURN CASE o WHEN y THEN 1 END;EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN RETURN 0;END;
/

CREATE TABLE A(X,Y) AS
  SELECT '123',    3     FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '8423',   252   FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '4+4',    8     FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '4*7-10', 417   FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '9/3',    3     FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '42-9',   -36   FROM DUAL
/

CREATE TABLE B(X,Y) AS
  SELECT '4/2',    6     FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '3/0',    3     FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '0/8+2',  4     FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '95-5',   90    FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '4+2',    2     FROM DUAL
/

CREATE TABLE C(X,Y) AS
  SELECT '7+4',    11    FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '5-15',   46    FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '212-23', -2121 FROM DUAL
/

CREATE TABLE D(X,Y) AS
  SELECT '4+8/2-9*1', -5 FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '99/3-13',   20 FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '1+2+3+4',   10 FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '4-3-2-1',   -6 FROM DUAL
/

CREATE TABLE E(X,Y) AS
  SELECT '18/18',  1     FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '98-8',   90    FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '55*88',  4840  FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '-5--15', 10    FROM DUAL
/

CREATE TABLE G(X,Y) AS
  SELECT '9119',    18   FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '5-3',     513  FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '8*-9',    152  FROM DUAL UNION ALL
  SELECT '13116/3', -1   FROM DUAL
/

Query 1:

WITH r(v)AS(SELECT SUBSTR('1234567890-+*/',LEVEL,1)FROM DUAL CONNECT BY LEVEL<15)SELECT r.v,s.v FROM A,r,r s WHERE r.v<>s.v GROUP BY r.v,s.v HAVING SUM(f(TRANSLATE(x,r.v||s.v,s.v||r.v),y))=(SELECT COUNT(1)FROM A)AND SUM(INSTR(x,r.v)+INSTR(x,s.v))>0

Results:

| V | V |
|---|---|
| 2 | * |
| * | 2 |

Query 2:

WITH r(v)AS(SELECT SUBSTR('1234567890-+*/',LEVEL,1)FROM DUAL CONNECT BY LEVEL<15)SELECT r.v,s.v FROM B,r,r s WHERE r.v<>s.v GROUP BY r.v,s.v HAVING SUM(f(TRANSLATE(x,r.v||s.v,s.v||r.v),y))=(SELECT COUNT(1)FROM B)AND SUM(INSTR(x,r.v)+INSTR(x,s.v))>0

Results:

| V | V |
|---|---|
| + | / |
| / | + |

Query 3:

WITH r(v)AS(SELECT SUBSTR('1234567890-+*/',LEVEL,1)FROM DUAL CONNECT BY LEVEL<15)SELECT r.v,s.v FROM C,r,r s WHERE r.v<>s.v GROUP BY r.v,s.v HAVING SUM(f(TRANSLATE(x,r.v||s.v,s.v||r.v),y))=(SELECT COUNT(1)FROM C)AND SUM(INSTR(x,r.v)+INSTR(x,s.v))>0

Results:

| V | V |
|---|---|
| 1 | - |
| - | 1 |

Query 4:

WITH r(v)AS(SELECT SUBSTR('1234567890-+*/',LEVEL,1)FROM DUAL CONNECT BY LEVEL<15)SELECT r.v,s.v FROM D,r,r s WHERE r.v<>s.v GROUP BY r.v,s.v HAVING SUM(f(TRANSLATE(x,r.v||s.v,s.v||r.v),y))=(SELECT COUNT(1)FROM D)AND SUM(INSTR(x,r.v)+INSTR(x,s.v))>0

Results:

| V | V |
|---|---|
| 2 | 4 |
| 4 | 2 |

Query 5:

WITH r(v)AS(SELECT SUBSTR('1234567890-+*/',LEVEL,1)FROM DUAL CONNECT BY LEVEL<15)SELECT r.v,s.v FROM E,r,r s WHERE r.v<>s.v GROUP BY r.v,s.v HAVING SUM(f(TRANSLATE(x,r.v||s.v,s.v||r.v),y))=(SELECT COUNT(1)FROM E)AND SUM(INSTR(x,r.v)+INSTR(x,s.v))>0

Results:

| V | V |
|---|---|
| 5 | 8 |
| 8 | 5 |

Query 6:

WITH r(v)AS(SELECT SUBSTR('1234567890-+*/',LEVEL,1)FROM DUAL CONNECT BY LEVEL<15)SELECT r.v,s.v FROM G,r,r s WHERE r.v<>s.v GROUP BY r.v,s.v HAVING SUM(f(TRANSLATE(x,r.v||s.v,s.v||r.v),y))=(SELECT COUNT(1)FROM G)AND SUM(INSTR(x,r.v)+INSTR(x,s.v))>0

Results:

| V | V |
|---|---|
| 1 | - |
| - | 1 |

Answer 4

Python 2, 204, 199, 193, 173, 165 bytes

• From 199 bytes to 193 bytes thanks to Mr. Xcode
• From 193 bytes to 173 bytes thanks to Halvard Hummel

s=input()
r=str.replace
t=set(''.join(zip(*s)[0]))
for i in t:
 for j in t:
	try:
	 if all(eval(r(r(r(e,i,'$'),j,i),'$',j))==v*(i<j)for e,v in s):print i,j
	except:0

Try it online!

Answer 5

Powershell, 222 209 192 bytes

param($x)1..13|%{0..(($i=$_)-1)|%{$a,$b='+-*/0123456789'[$i,$_]
$a+$b|?{!($x|%{$e,$r=$_-split'='
try{$r-(-join$(switch($e|% t*y){$a{$b}$b{$a}default{$_}})-replace'-',' -'|iex)}catch{1}}|gu)}}}

Test script and explanation:

$f={

param($x)                               # array of strings with equations
1..13|%{                                #
    0..(($i=$_)-1)|%{                   # $i and $_ contains unique couples of different indecies
        $a,$b='+-*/0123456789'[$i,$_]  # $a and $b contains buttons to swap
        $g=$x|%{                        # for each equation from array
            $e,$r=$_-split'='           # split incorrect expression and correct result
            $e=-join$(switch($e|% t*y){ # swap buttons for each symbol in the expression
                $a{$b}
                $b{$a}
                default{$_}
            })
            $e=$e-replace'-',' -'       # insert a space before each '-'.
                                        # It need to work with negative numbers.
                                        # For example, '4--1' throws an exception, '4 - -1' returns '5'
            try{$r-($e|iex)}catch{1}    # Try to calc $e as powershell expression
                                        # return 0 if the expression result equal to the result of the calculation
                                        # return non zero integer otherwise
        }|gu                            # Get-unique of calculation for each equation
        if(!$g){                        # if $g is 0 or $null
                                        # then all calculations returns true
            $a+$b                       # Ok, return the couple of buttons
        }
    }
}

}

@(
    ,('2*','123=3','8423=252','4+4=8','4*7-10=417','9/3=3','42-9=-36')
    ,('/+','4/2=6','3/0=3','0/8+2=4','95-5=90','4+2=2')
    ,('1-','7+4=11','5-15=46','212-23=-2121')
    ,('42','4+8/2-9*1=-5','99/3-13=20','1+2+3+4=10','4-3-2-1=-6')
    ,('1-','9119=18','5-3=513','8*-9=152','13116/3=-1')
) | % {
    $e,$x=$_
    $r=&$f $x
    "$($e-eq$r): $r : $x"
}

Output:

True: 2* : 123=3 8423=252 4+4=8 4*7-10=417 9/3=3 42-9=-36
True: /+ : 4/2=6 3/0=3 0/8+2=4 95-5=90 4+2=2
True: 1- : 7+4=11 5-15=46 212-23=-2121
True: 42 : 4+8/2-9*1=-5 99/3-13=20 1+2+3+4=10 4-3-2-1=-6
True: 1- : 9119=18 5-3=513 8*-9=152 13116/3=-1

Answer 6

05AB1E, 21 bytes

SÙãʒË_}ʒ¹s‡„--'+:.EQ

Input as two lists, first being the equations and second being the results. Output as a filtered list of pairs with both rotations (i.e. [["2","*"],["*","2"]]).

Try it online or verify all test cases. (NOTE: Uses the legacy version of 05AB1E in the TIO, because .E is disabled in the newer version on TIO. Because of that, an additional ï (cast to integer) is added, because in the legacy version of 05AB1E 1.0 and 1 inside lists were not equal.)

Explanation:

S              # Convert the (implicit) input-list of equations to a list of characters
               # (which implicitly flattens)
               #  i.e. ["18/18","98-8","55*88","-5--15"]
               #   → ["1","8","/","1","8","9","8","-","8","5","5","*","8","8","-","5","-","-","1","5"]
 Ù             # Only leave all unique characters
               #  → ["1","8","/","9","-","5","*"]
  ã            # Cartesian product with itself; creating each possible pair of characters
               #  → [["1","1"],["1","8"],["1","/"],["1","9"],["1","-"],["1","5"],["1","*"],["8","1"],["8","8"],["8","/"],["8","9"],["8","-"],["8","5"],["8","*"],["/","1"],["/","8"],["/","/"],["/","9"],["/","-"],["/","5"],["/","*"],["9","1"],["9","8"],["9","/"],["9","9"],["9","-"],["9","5"],["9","*"],["-","1"],["-","8"],["-","/"],["-","9"],["-","-"],["-","5"],["-","*"],["5","1"],["5","8"],["5","/"],["5","9"],["5","-"],["5","5"],["5","*"],["*","1"],["*","8"],["*","/"],["*","9"],["*","-"],["*","5"],["*","*"]]
    ʒ  }       # Filter it by:
     Ë_        #  Where both characters are unique
               #   i.e. → [["1","8"],["1","/"],["1","9"],["1","-"],["1","5"],["1","*"],["8","1"],["8","/"],["8","9"],["8","-"],["8","5"],["8","*"],["/","1"],["/","8"],["/","9"],["/","-"],["/","5"],["/","*"],["9","1"],["9","8"],["9","/"],["9","-"],["9","5"],["9","*"],["-","1"],["-","8"],["-","/"],["-","9"],["-","5"],["-","*"],["5","1"],["5","8"],["5","/"],["5","9"],["5","-"],["5","*"],["*","1"],["*","8"],["*","/"],["*","9"],["*","-"],["*","5"]]
    ʒ          # Then filter the pairs again by:
     ¹         #  Push the first input-list with equations
      s        #  Swap to take the pair we're filtering
       Â       #  Bifurcate it (short for Duplicate and Reverse)
        ‡      #  Transliterate; replacing the characters at the same indices in the input-list
               #   i.e. ["18/18","98-8","55*88","-5--15"] and ["8","5"]
               #    → ["15/15","95-5","88*55","-8--18"]
               #   i.e. ["9119","5-3","8*-9","13116/3"] and ["1","-"]
               #    → ["9--9","513","8*19","-3--6/3"]
      „--'+:  '#  Then replace all "--" with a "+"
               #   → ["15/15","95-5","88*55","-8+18"]
               #   → ["9+9","513","8*19","-3+6/3"]
      .E       #  And evaluate the strings with Python eval
               #   → [1.0,90,4840,10]
               #   → [18,513,152,-1.0]
        Q      #  And then check if this evaluated list is equal to the (implicit) second input
               #   i.e. [1.0,90,4840,10] and [1,90,4840,10] → 1 (truthy)
               #   i.e. [18,513,152,-1.0] and [18,513,152,-1] → 1 (truthy)
               # (and output the result implicitly)
               #   i.e. [["8","5"],["5","8"]
               #   i.e. [["1","-"],["-","1"]