tmux
tmux is a "terminal multiplexer: it enables a number of terminals (or windows), each running a separate program, to be created, accessed, and controlled from a single screen. tmux may be detached from a screen and continue running in the background, then later reattached."
tmux is an ISC-licensed alternative to GNU Screen. Although similar, there are many differences between the programs, as noted on the tmux FAQ page.
Installation
Install the tmux package. Optionally, install tmux-bash-completion-gitAUR to provide bash completion functions for tmux.
Configuration
By default, tmux looks for user-specific configuration at ~/.tmux.conf, though ~/.config/tmux/tmux.conf (hardcoded, $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is ignored) works too. A global configuration file may be provided at /etc/tmux.conf though by default Arch does not ship such a file.
Key bindings
By default, command key bindings are prefixed by Ctrl+b. For example, to vertically split a window type Ctrl+b %.
After splitting a window into multiple panes, a pane can be resized by the hitting prefix key (e.g. Ctrl+b) and, while continuing to hold Ctrl, press Left///. Swapping panes is achieved in the same manner, but by hitting instead of a directional key.
Key bindings may be changed with the bind and unbind commands in tmux.conf. For example, the default prefix binding of Ctrl+b can be changed to Ctrl+a by adding the following commands in your configuration file:
To create a new window you can use and move forward one window with and backwards one window with .
Additional ways to move between windows include the following:
Ctrl+b l (Move to the previously selected window) Ctrl+b w (List all windows / window numbers) Ctrl+b <window number> (Move to the specified window number, the default bindings are from 0 – 9) Ctrl+b q (Show pane numbers, when the numbers show up type the key to goto that pane)
tmux has a find-window option & key binding to ease navigation of many windows:
Ctrl+b f <window name> (Search for window name) Ctrl+b w (Select from interactive list of windows)
Copy Mode
A tmux window may be in one of several modes. The default permits direct access to the terminal attached to the window; the other is copy mode. Once in copy mode you can navigate the buffer including scrolling the history. Use vi or emacs-style key bindings in copy mode. The default is emacs, unless VISUAL or EDITOR contains ‘vi’
To enter copy mode do the following:
Ctrl+b [
You can navigate the buffer as you would in your default editor.
To quit copy mode, use one of the following keybindings:
vi mode:
q
emacs mode:
Esc
Browsing URLs
To browse URLs inside tmux you must have installed and configured.
Inside a new terminal:
bind-key u capture-pane \; save-buffer /tmp/tmux-buffer \; run-shell "$TERMINAL -e urlview /tmp/tmux-buffer"
Or inside a new tmux window (no new terminal needed):
bind-key u capture-pane \; save-buffer /tmp/tmux-buffer \; new-window -n "urlview" '$SHELL -c "urlview < /tmp/tmux-buffer"'
256 colors
If you are using a 256 colour terminal, you will need to set the correct term in tmux. As of tmux 2.1, this is now tmux, or tmux-256color. You can do this in tmux.conf:
set -g default-terminal "tmux-256color"
Other, older alternatives, include screen, or screen-256color:
set -g default-terminal "screen-256color"
Also, if tmux messes up, you can force tmux to assume that the terminal support 256 colors, by adding this in your .bashrc:
alias tmux="tmux -2"
24-bit color
tmux supports 24-bit color as of version 2.2 . If your terminal supports 24-bit color (see this gist), add your terminal to the setting. For example, if you use Termite, you would add:
set -ga terminal-overrides ",xterm-termite:Tc"
For other terminals, replace with the relevant terminal type (stored in $TERM). See the tmux(1) man page for details about the terminfo extension.
xterm-keys
To enable xterm-keys in your tmux.conf, you have to add the following line
set-option -g xterm-keys on
If you enable xterm-keys in your tmux.conf, then you need to build a custom terminfo to declare the new escape codes or applications will not know about them. Compile the following with and you can use "xterm-screen-256color" as your TERM:
# A screen- based TERMINFO that declares the escape sequences # enabled by the tmux config "set-window-option -g xterm-keys". # # Prefix the name with xterm- since some applications inspect # the TERM *name* in addition to the terminal capabilities advertised. xterm-screen-256color|GNU Screen with 256 colors bce and tmux xterm-keys, # As of Nov'11, the below keys are picked up by # .../tmux/blob/master/trunk/xterm-keys.c: kDC=\E[3;2~, kEND=\E[1;2F, kHOM=\E[1;2H, kIC=\E[2;2~, kLFT=\E[1;2D, kNXT=\E[6;2~, kPRV=\E[5;2~, kRIT=\E[1;2C, # Change this to screen-256color if the terminal you run tmux in # doesn't support bce: use=screen-256color-bce,
To check if your terminal support bce, you can use tic -c:
$ tic -c xterm-screen-256color "xterm-screen-256color", line 16, terminal 'xterm-screen-256color': resolution of use=screen-256color-bce failed
To compile with tic:
$ tic xterm-screen-256color
The file will be compiled and saved in or in if run as root (and so available system-wide).
Other Settings
To limit the scrollback buffer to 10000 lines:
set -g history-limit 10000
Mouse can be toggled with
bind-key m set-option -g mouse \; display "Mouse: #{?mouse,ON,OFF}"
Autostart with systemd
There are some notable advantages to starting a tmux server at startup. Notably, when you start a new tmux session, having the service already running reduces any delays in the startup.
Furthermore, any customization attached to your tmux session will be retained and your tmux session can be made to persist even if you have never logged in, if you have some reason to do that (like a heavily scripted tmux configuration or shared user tmux sessions).
The service below starts tmux for the specified user (i.e. start with ):
Alternatively, you can place this file within your systemd/User directory (without and by replacing multi-user.target with in ), for example . This way the tmux service will start when you log in, unless you also enable systemd/User#Automatic start-up of systemd user instances.
Session initialization
You can have tmux open a session with preloaded windows by including those details in your ~/.tmux.conf:
new -n WindowName Command neww -n WindowName Command neww -n WindowName Command
To start a session with split windows (multiple panes), include the splitw command below the neww you would like to split; thus:
new -s SessionName -n WindowName Command neww -n foo/bar foo splitw -v -p 50 -t 0 bar selectw -t 1 selectp -t 0
would open 2 windows, the second of which would be named foo/bar and would be split vertically in half (50%) with foo running above bar. Focus would be in window 2 (foo/bar), top pane (foo).
To manage multiple sessions, source separate session files from your configuration file:
# initialize sessions bind F source-file ~/.tmux/foo bind B source-file ~/.tmux/bar
X clipboard integration
It is possible to copy a tmux selection to the X clipboard (and to X primary/secondary selections), and paste from the X clipboard into tmux. The following tmux configuration file snippet integrates the X clipboard/selection with the current tmux selection using the program :
# Emacs style bind-key -T copy-mode y send-keys -X copy-pipe-and-cancel "xsel -i -p && xsel -o -p | xsel -i -b" bind-key C-y run "xsel -o | tmux load-buffer - ; tmux paste-buffer"
# Vim style bind-key -T copy-mode-vi y send-keys -X copy-pipe-and-cancel "xsel -i -p && xsel -o -p | xsel -i -b" bind-key p run "xsel -o | tmux load-buffer - ; tmux paste-buffer"
Note that it may be necessary to unbind the previous window shortcut with unbind p for the latter to work.
could also be used for this purpose. Unlike xsel, it works better when printing a raw bitstream that does not fit the current locale. Nevertheless, it is neater to use xsel because xclip does not close after it has read from the tmux buffer. As such, tmux does not know that the copy task has completed, and continues to wait for xclip to terminate, thereby rendering tmux unresponsive. A workaround is to redirect to /dev/null:
# Vim style bind-key -T copy-mode-vi y send-keys -X copy-pipe-and-cancel "xclip -i -sel clip > /dev/null" bind-key p run "xclip -o -sel clip | tmux load-buffer - ; tmux paste-buffer"
Urxvt middle click
There is an unofficial perl extension (mentioned in the official FAQ) to enable copying/pasting in and out of urxvt with tmux via Middle Mouse Clicking.
First, you will need to download the perl script and place it into urxvts perl lib:
You will also need to enable that perl script in your .Xdefaults:
Next, you want to tell tmux about the new function and enable mouse support (if you have not already):
That's it. Be sure to end all instances of tmux before trying the new MiddleClick functionality.
While in tmux, Shift+MiddleMouseClick will paste the clipboard selection while just MiddleMouseClick will paste your tmux buffer. Outside of tmux, just use MiddleMouseClick to paste your tmux buffer and your standard to copy.
Tips and tricks
Start tmux with default session layout
Session managers like tmuxinator and tmuxp make it easy to manage common session configurations.
For tmuxinator, install . Test your installation with
$ tmuxinator doctor
Get the default layout values
Start tmux as usual and configure your windows and panes layout as you like. When finished, get the current layout values by executing (while you are still within the current tmux session)
tmux list-windows
The output may look like this (two windows with 3 panes and 2 panes layout)
0: default* (3 panes) [274x83] [layout 20a0,274x83,0,0{137x83,0,0,3,136x83,138,0[136x41,138,0,5,136x41,138,42,6]}] @2 (active)
1: remote- (2 panes) [274x83] [layout e3d3,274x83,0,0[274x41,0,0,4,274x41,0,42,7]] @3
The Interesting part you need to copy for later use begins after [layout... and excludes ... ] @2 (active). For the first window layout you need to copy e.g. 20a0,274x83,0,0{137x83,0,0,3,136x83,138,0[136x41,138,0,5,136x41,138,42,6]}
Define the default tmux layout
Knowing this, you can exit the current tmux session. Following this, you create your default tmux session layout by editing tmuxinator's configuration file (Do not copy the example, get your layout values as described above)
The example defines two windows named "default" and "remote". With your determined layout values. For each pane you have to use at least one - line. Within the first window panes you start the commandline "clear" in pane one, "vim" in pane two and "clear && emacs -nw" executes two commands in pane three on each tmux start. The second window layout has two panes without defining any start commmands.
Test the new default layout with (yes, it is "mux"):
mux default
Autostart tmux with default tmux layout
If you like to start your terminal session with your default tmux session layout edit
Alternate approach for default session
Instead of using the above method, one can just write a bash script that when run, will create the default session and attach to it. Then you can execute it from a terminal to get the pre-designed configuration in that terminal
#!/bin/bash tmux new-session -d -n WindowName Command tmux new-window -n NewWindowName tmux split-window -v tmux selectp -t 1 tmux split-window -h tmux selectw -t 1 tmux -2 attach-session -d
Start tmux in urxvt
Use this command to start urxvt with a started tmux session. I use this with the exec command from my .ratpoisonrc file.
Start tmux on every shell login
if [ -x "$(command -v tmux)" ] && [ -n "${DISPLAY}" ] && [ -z "${TMUX}" ]; then
tmux attach || tmux >/dev/null 2>&1
fi
What the above snippet does is the following:
- test if tmux is executable,
- and if a a graphical session is running (remove this condition if you want tmux to start in any login shell, but it might interfere with autostarting X at login),
- and if we are not already inside a tmux session,
- then try to attach, if the attachment fails, start a new session.
If you are using systemd as a user to keep a session alive, you can replace the command inside the if-block with the following commands to attach to that session and detach all the other connected clients:
if ! systemctl --user is-active --quiet tmux.service; then
systemctl --user start tmux.service
fi
exec tmux attach-session -d -t "${USER}" >/dev/null 2>&1
Start a non-login shell
tmux starts a login shell by default, which may result in multiple negative side effects:
- Users of fortune may notice that quotes are printed when creating a new panel.
- The configuration files for login shells such as are interpreted each time a new panel is created, so commands intended to be run on session initialization (e.g. setting audio level) are executed.
To disable this behaviour, add to ~/.tmux.conf:
set -g default-command "${SHELL}"
Use tmux windows like tabs
The following settings added to ~/.tmux.conf allow to use tmux windows like tabs, such as those provided by the reference of these hotkeys — urxvt's tabbing extensions. An advantage thereof is that these virtual “tabs” are independent of the terminal emulator.
#urxvt tab like window switching (-n: no prior escape seq) bind -n S-down new-window bind -n S-left prev bind -n S-right next bind -n C-left swap-window -t -1 bind -n C-right swap-window -t +1
Of course, those should not overlap with other applications' hotkeys, such as the terminal's. Given that they substitute terminal tabbing that might as well be deactivated, though.
It can also come handy to supplement the EOT hotkey Ctrl+d with one for tmux's detach:
bind-key -n C-j detach
Clients simultaneously interacting with various windows of a session
In Practical Tmux, Brandur Leach writes:
- Screen and tmux's behaviour for when multiple clients are attached to one session differs slightly. In Screen, each client can be connected to the session but view different windows within it, but in tmux, all clients connected to one session must view the same window.
- This problem can be solved in tmux by spawning two separate sessions and synchronizing the second one to the windows of the first, then pointing a second new session to the first.
The script below implements this — the version here is slightly modified to execute if is its second parameter. Invoked as , it launches the base session if necessary. Otherwise a new "client" session linked to the base, optionally add a new window and attach, setting it to kill itself once it turns "zombie". Do not forget to make it executable.
A useful setting for this is
setw -g aggressive-resize on
added to ~/.tmux.conf. It causes tmux to resize a window based on the smallest client actually viewing it, not on the smallest one attached to the entire session.
An alternative is to put the following ~/.bashrc:
Citing the author:
- "mksc foo" creates a always detached permanent client named "foo". It also calls "rsc foo" to create a client to newly created session. "rsc foo" creates a new client grouped by "foo" name. It has destroy-unattached turned on so when I leave it, it kills client.
- Therefore, when my computer looses network connectivity, all "foo.something" clients are killed while "foo" remains. I can then call "rsc foo" to continue work from where I stopped.
Correct the TERM variable according to terminal type
Instead of setting a fixed TERM variable in tmux, it is possible to set the proper TERM (either or ) according to the type of your terminal emulator:
{{hc|~/.tmux.conf|
- set the default TERM
set -g default-terminal screen
- update the TERM variable of terminal emulator when creating a new session or attaching a existing session
set -g update-environment 'DISPLAY SSH_ASKPASS SSH_AGENT_PID SSH_CONNECTION WINDOWID XAUTHORITY TERM'
- determine if we should enable 256-colour support
if "[[ ${TERM} =~ 256color || ${TERM} == fbterm ]]" 'set -g default-terminal screen-256color' }}
{{hc|1=~/.zshrc|2=
- workaround for handling TERM variable in multiple tmux sessions properly (by Nicholas Marriott)
if [[ -n ${TMUX} && -n ${commands[tmux]} ]];then
case $(tmux showenv TERM 2>/dev/null) in
*256color) ;&
TERM=fbterm)
TERM=screen-256color ;;
*)
TERM=screen
esac
fi }}
Reload an updated configuration without restarting tmux
By default tmux reads ~/.tmux.conf only if it was not already running. To have tmux load a configuration file afterwards, execute:
tmux source-file path
This can be added to ~/.tmux.conf as e. g.:
You can also do ^: and type :
source .tmux.conf
Template script to run program in new session or attach to existing one
This script checks for a program presumed to have been started by a previous run of itself. Unless found it creates a new tmux session and attaches to a window named after and running the program. If however the program was found it merely attaches to the session and selects the window.
#!/bin/bash
PID=$(pidof $1)
if [ -z "$PID" ]; then
tmux new-session -d -s main ;
tmux new-window -t main -n $1 "$*" ;
fi
tmux attach-session -d -t main ;
tmux select-window -t $1 ;
exit 0
A derived version to run irssi with the nicklist plugin can be found on its ArchWiki page.
Terminal emulator window titles
If you SSH into a host in a tmux window, you will notice the window title of your terminal emulator remains to be user@localhost rather than . To allow the title bar to adapt to whatever host you connect to, set the following in ~/.tmux.conf
set -g set-titles on set -g set-titles-string "#T"
For , will display and change accordingly as you connect to different hosts.
Automatic layouting
When creating new splits or destroying older ones the currently selected layout is not applied. To fix that, add following binds which will apply the currently selected layout to new or remaining panes:
bind-key -n M-c kill-pane \; select-layout bind-key -n M-n split-window \; select-layout
Vim friendly configuration
See for a configuration friendly to vim users.
Friendly pane splitting
The default key-binding for splitting a pane vertically is Ctrl+b % and for splitting a pane horizontally is . That can be difficult to type depending of your keyboard layout and it is also hard to remember.
A more friendly key-binding is to use Ctrl+b h for splitting horizontally and for splitting a pane vertically, it is also very convenient to remember.
To make this change, add these lines in ~/.tmux.conf:
Inhibit system suspension
If tmux hangs when connected from another device because the host goes to sleep, run session's shell command with an inhibition lock:
tmux new-session -A "systemd-inhibit --what=idle $SHELL"
Troubleshooting
Scrolling issues
In case of trouble scrolling in the terminal with Shift-Page Up/Down, the following will disable the smcup and rmcup capabilities for any term that reports itself as anything beginning with :
set -ga terminal-overrides ',xterm*:smcup@:rmcup@'
This tricks the terminal emulator into thinking tmux is a full screen application like pico or mutt, which will make the scrollback be recorded properly. Beware however, it will get a bit messed up when switching between windows/panes. Consider using tmux's native scrollback instead.
Mouse scrolling
If you want to scroll with your mouse wheel, ensure mode-mouse is on in .tmux.conf
set -g mouse on
You can set scroll History with:
set -g history-limit 30000
For mouse wheel scrolling as from tmux 2.1 try adding one or both of these to ~/.tmux.conf
bind -T root WheelUpPane if-shell -F -t = "#{alternate_on}" "send-keys -M" "select-pane -t =; copy-mode -e; send-keys -M"
bind -T root WheelDownPane if-shell -F -t = "#{alternate_on}" "send-keys -M" "select-pane -t =; send-keys -M"
Though the above will only scroll one line at a time, add this solution to scroll an entire page instead
bind -t vi-copy WheelUpPane page-up bind -t vi-copy WheelDownPane page-down bind -t emacs-copy WheelUpPane page-up bind -t emacs-copy WheelDownPane page-down
Terminal emulator does not support UTF-8 mouse events
When the terminal emulator does not support the UTF-8 mouse events and the mouse on tmux option is set, left-clicking inside the terminal window might paste strings like or into the promt.
To solve this issue set:
set -g mouse-utf8 off
Shift+F6 not working in Midnight Commander
See also
- BBS topic
- Screen and tmux feature comparison
- powerline, a dynamic statusbar for tmux
- Plugins for tmux
- Oh My Tmux!
Tutorials
- Practical Tmux
- manual page tmux(1)
- Tmux tutorial Part 1 and Part 2
- The Tao of tmux, an ebook by Tony Narlock, author of tmuxp and libtmux