Kernel/Traditional compilation

This article is an introduction to building custom kernels from kernel.org sources. This method of compiling kernels is the traditional method common to all distributions. It can be, depending on your background, more complicated than using the Kernels/Arch Build System. Consider the Arch Build System tools are developed and maintained to make repeatable compilation tasks efficient and safe.

Preparation

It is not necessary (or recommended) to use the root account or root privileges (i.e. via sudo) for kernel preparation.

Install the core packages

Install the base-devel package group, which contains necessary packages such as make and gcc. It is also recommended to install the following packages, as listed in the default Arch kernel PKGBUILD: xmlto, kmod, inetutils, bc, libelf, git, cpio, , , .

Create a kernel compilation directory

It is recommended to create a separate build directory for your kernel(s). In this example, the directory will be created in the directory:

$ mkdir ~/kernelbuild

Download the kernel source

Warning: systemd requires kernel version 3.12 at least (4.2 or greater for unified cgroups hierarchy support). See /usr/share/doc/systemd/README for more information.

Download the kernel source from https://www.kernel.org. This should be the tarball (.tar.xz) file for your chosen kernel.

It can be downloaded by simply right-clicking the tar.xz link in your browser and selecting , or any other number of ways via alternative graphical or command-line tools that utilise HTTP, TFTP, Rsync, or Git.

In the following command-line commands, has been installed and is used inside the directory to obtain kernel A.B.C:

$ cd ~/kernelbuild
$ wget https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/vA.x/linux-A.B.C.tar.xz

You should also verify the correctness of the download before trusting it. First grab the signature, then use that to grab the fingerprint of the signing key, then use the fingerprint to obtain the actual signing key:

$ wget https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/vA.x/linux-A.B.C.tar.sign
$ gpg --list-packets linux-A.B.C.tar.sign
$ gpg --recv-keys fingerprint-from-previous-step

Note the signature was generated for the tar archive (i.e. extension ), not the compressed file that you have downloaded. You need to decompress the latter without untarring it. Verify that you have installed, then you can proceed like so:

$ unxz linux-A.B.C.tar.xz
$ gpg --verify linux-A.B.C.tar.sign linux-A.B.C.tar

Do not proceed if this does not result in output that includes the string "Good signature".

If was not used inside the build directory, it will be necessary to move the tarball into it, e.g.

$ mv /path/to/linux-A.B.C.tar.xz ~/kernelbuild/

Unpack the kernel source

Within the build directory, unpack the kernel tarball:

$ tar -xvf linux-A.B.C.tar

To be absolutely sure that no permission errors occur, chown needs to be run to transfer ownership of the folder to the current user.

To transfer ownership of a folder with every file in it to our user, run the chown command.

$ chown -R $USER:$USER linux-A.B.C

This will transfer ownership of every file in the folder to you, so you do not encounter any errors related to permissions.

To finalise the preparation, ensure that the kernel tree is absolutely clean; do not rely on the source tree being clean after unpacking. To do so, first change into the new kernel source directory created, and then run the command:

$ cd linux-A.B.C
$ make mrproper

Note: The mrproper Make target depends on the clean target, and thus, it is not necessary to execute both. See for reference.

Kernel configuration

This is the most crucial step in customizing the default kernel to reflect your computer's precise specifications. Kernel configuration is set in its .config file, which includes the use of Kernel modules. By setting the options in .config properly, your kernel and computer will function most efficiently.

You can do a mixture of two things:

Use the default Arch settings from an official kernel (recommended)
Manually configure the kernel options (optional, advanced and not recommended)

Default Arch configuration

This method will create a .config file for the custom kernel using the default Arch kernel settings. If a stock Arch kernel is running, you can use the following command inside the custom kernel source directory:

$ zcat /proc/config.gz > .config

Otherwise, the default configuration can be found online in the official Arch Linux kernel package.

Advanced configuration

There are several tools available to fine-tune the kernel configuration, which provide an alternative to otherwise spending hours manually configuring each and every one of the options available during compilation.

Those tools are:

: Command-line ncurses interface superseded by
: Newer ncurses interface for the command-line
: User-friendly graphical interface that requires packagekit-qt5 to be installed as a dependency. This is the recommended method - especially for less experienced users - as it is easier to navigate, and information about each option is also displayed.
make gconfig: Graphical configuration similar to xconfig but using GTK. This requires , and .

The chosen method should be run inside the kernel source directory, and all will either create a new .config file, or overwrite an existing one where present. All optional configurations will be automatically enabled, although any newer configuration options (i.e. with an older kernel .config) may not be automatically selected.

Once the changes have been made save the .config file. It is a good idea to make a backup copy outside the source directory. You may need to do this multiple times before you get all the options right.

If unsure, only change a few options between compilations. If you cannot boot your newly built kernel, see the list of necessary items here.

Running from live media lists names of kernel modules in use. Most importantly, you must maintain cgroups support. This is necessary for systemd. For more detailed information, see Gentoo:Kernel/Gentoo Kernel Configuration Guide and Gentoo:Intel#Kernel or Gentoo:Ryzen#Kernel for Intel or AMD Ryzen processors.

Compilation

Compilation time will vary from as little as fifteen minutes to over an hour, depending on your kernel configuration and processor capability. Once the .config file has been set for the custom kernel, within the source directory run the following command to compile:

$ make

Installation

Install the modules

Once the kernel has been compiled, the modules for it must follow. First build the modules:

$ make modules

Then install the modules. As root or with root privileges, run the following command to do so:

# make modules_install

This will copy the compiled modules into . This keeps the modules for individual kernels used separated.

Copy the kernel to /boot directory

Note: Ensure that the bzImage kernel file has been copied from the appropriate directory for your system architecture. See below.

The kernel compilation process will generate a compressed (big zImage) of that kernel, if it does not, you may have to run

make bzImage

This file must be copied to the /boot directory and renamed in the process. Provided the name is prefixed with , you may name the kernel as you wish. In the examples below, the installed and compiled A.B.C kernel has been copied over and renamed to :

# cp -v arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-linuxAB

Make initial RAM disk

If you do not know what making an initial RAM disk is, see Initramfs on Wikipedia and mkinitcpio.

Automated preset method

An existing mkinitcpio preset can be copied and modified so that the custom kernel initramfs images can be generated in the same way as for an official kernel. This is useful where intending to recompile the kernel (e.g. where updated). In the example below, the preset file for the stock Arch kernel will be copied and modified for kernel A.B.C, installed above.

First, copy the existing preset file, renaming it to match the name of the custom kernel specified as a suffix to when copying the :

# cp /etc/mkinitcpio.d/linux.preset /etc/mkinitcpio.d/linuxAB.preset

Second, edit the file and amend for the custom kernel. Note (again) that the parameter also matches the name of the custom kernel specified when copying the :

Finally, generate the initramfs images for the custom kernel in the same way as for an official kernel:

# mkinitcpio -p linuxAB

Manual method

Rather than use a preset file, mkinitcpio can also be used to generate an initramfs file manually. The syntax of the command is:

# mkinitcpio -k kernel_version -g /boot/initramfs-file_name.img

-k (): Specifies the modules to use when generating the initramfs image. The name will be the same as the name the modules directory for it, located in (alternatively, a path to the kernel image can be used).
-g (): Specifies the name of the initramfs file to generate in the /boot directory. Again, using the naming convention mentioned above is recommended.

For example, the command for the A.B.C custom kernel installed above would be:

# mkinitcpio -k A.B.C -g /boot/initramfs-linuxAB.img

Copy System.map

The file is not required for booting Linux. It is a type of "phone directory" list of functions in a particular build of a kernel. The contains a list of kernel symbols (i.e function names, variable names etc) and their corresponding addresses. This "symbol-name to address mapping" is used by:

Some processes like klogd, ksymoops, etc.
By OOPS handler when information has to be dumped to the screen during a kernel crash (i.e info like in which function it has crashed).

If your /boot is on a filesystem which supports symlinks (i.e. not FAT32), copy to /boot, appending your kernel's name to the destination file. Then create a symlink from to point to :

# cp System.map /boot/System.map-linuxAB
# ln -sf /boot/System.map-linuxAB /boot/System.map

After completing all steps above, you should have the following 3 files and 1 soft symlink in your /boot directory along with any other previously existing files:

Kernel:
Initramfs:
System Map: System.map-linuxAB
System Map kernel symlink: (which symlinks to System.map-linuxAB)

Bootloader configuration

Add an entry for your new kernel in your bootloader's configuration file. See Arch boot process#Feature comparison for possible boot loaders, their wiki articles and other information.

gollark: GTech™ emission spectra are Poisson distributions.

gollark: Sure. It's just this trivial equation.

gollark: I, of course, obey the Rayleigh–Jeans law.

gollark: Sounds unethical.

gollark: Well, that too.