Stanhopea

Stanhopea is a genus of the orchid family (Orchidaceae) from Central and South America.[2] The abbreviation used in horticultural trade is Stan. The genus is named for the 4th Earl of Stanhope (Philip Henry Stanhope) (1781-1855), president of the Medico-Botanical Society of London (1829-1837). It comprises 55 species and 5 natural hybrids. These epiphytic, but occasionally terrestrial orchids can be found in damp forests from Mexico to Trinidad to NW Argentina.[1][3][4][5] Their ovate pseudobulbs carry from the top one long, plicate, elliptic leaf.

Stanhopea
Stanhopea insignis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Orchidaceae
Subfamily:
Epidendroideae
Tribe:
Maxillarieae
Subtribe:
Stanhopeinae
Genus:
Stanhopea

J. Frost ex Hook. 1829
Type species
Stanhopea insignis
J.Frost ex Hook.
Synonyms[1]
  • Ceratochilus Lindl. ex G.Lodd 1829, illegitimate homonym not Blume 1825
  • Stanhopeastrum Rchb.f.
  • Gerlachia Szlach.
  • Tadeastrum Szlach.

Stanhopea is noted for its complex and usually fragrant flowers that are generally spectacular and short-lived. Their pendant inflorescences are noted for flowering out of the bottom of the containers in which they grow, lending themselves to culture in baskets that have enough open space for the inflorescence to push through. They are sometimes called upside-down orchids.

The majority of species are robust plants that grow readily in cultivation. For relatives of Stanhopea see Stanhopeinae and the closely related sister subtribe Coeliopsidinae.

Description

Most Stanhopea flowers flash prominent, elegant horns on the epichile. The exception are the species; S. annulata, S. avicula, S. cirrhata, S. ecornuta and S. pulla. A second group have short or truncated horns, they include the species; S. candida, S. grandiflora, S. reichenbachiana, S. tricornis and the natural hybrid S. x herrenhusana. The structure of the labellum of this group is in general, not as complex as other members of the genus.

With most Stanhopea flowers lasting three days or less, the flowers must attract pollinators very quickly. These chemical attractants are generated in the hypochile, attracting the male euglossine bees to the flower. These male euglossine bees are known to be important pollinators of Stanhopea flowers, collecting fragrances at these flowers over their lifetime and storing them in their hind tibia. Bees in the Euglossini tribe, including Eulaema meriana, are known to pollinate these flowers supposedly because the orchids can deceptively mimic the form of a female and her sex pheromone.[6] When the bee touches down on the flower, a great effort is made to collect chemical scent - he eventually slides on the waxy surface of the hypochile, gliding down on the slippery lip to exit the flower. The long column is touched in the process, resulting in the bee taking up pollinia at the very tip of the column. When the bee slides down another flower, the pollinia are deposited on the sticky surface of the stigma.

Species
Stanhopea tigrina
Stanhopea oculata
Stanhopea ruckeri
  • S. aliceae Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
  • S. anfracta Rolfe (SE. Ecuador to Bolivia)
  • S. annulata Mansf. (S. Colombia to Ecuador)
  • S. avicula Dressler (Panama)
  • S. bueraremensis Campacci & Marçal (E. Brazil)
  • S. candida Barb.Rodr. (S. Trop. America)
  • S. cephalopoda Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
  • S. chironii Archila, Pérez-García & Szlach. (Guatemala)
  • S. cirrhata Lindl. (C. America)
  • S. confusa G.Gerlach & Beeche (C. America)
  • S. connata Klotzsch (Colombia to Peru)
  • S. costaricensis Rchb.f. (C. America)
  • S. deltoidea Lem. (Peru to Bolivia)
  • S. dodsoniana Salazar & Soto Arenas (NC. & S. Mexico to Guatemala)
  • S. ecornuta Lem. (C. America)
  • S. embreei Dodson (Ecuador)
  • S. florida Rchb.f. (Ecuador to Peru)
  • S. fonsecae Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
  • S. frymirei Dodson (Ecuador)
  • S. gibbosa Rchb.f. (= S. carchiensis, = S. impressa; S Colombia to Ecuador)
  • S. grandiflora Lindl. (Trinidad to S. Trop. America)
  • S. graveolens Lindl.(Mexico to C. America, Brazil to NW. Argentina)
  • S. greeri Jenny (Peru)
  • S. guttulata Lindl. (SE. Brazil)
  • S. haseloffiana Rchb.f. (N. Peru)
  • S. hernandezii (Kunth) Schltr. (C. & SW. Mexico)
  • S. insignis J.Frost ex Hook. (SE. & S. Brazil)
  • S. intermedia Klinge (SW. Mexico)
  • S. javieri Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
  • S. jenischiana F.Kramer ex Rchb.f.(Colombia to NW. Venezuela and S. Ecuador)
  • S. lietzei (Regel) Schltr. (E. & S. Brazil)
  • S. macrocornata Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
  • S. maculosa Knowles & Westc. (W. Mexico)
  • S. madouxiana Cogn. (Colombia)
  • S. maduroi Dodson & Dressler (Panama to N.Colombia)
  • S. manriquei Jenny & Nauray (Peru)
  • S. marizana Jenny (Peru)
  • S. martiana Bateman ex Lindl. (SW. Mexico)
  • S. marylenae Archila, Chiron & Pérez-García (Guatemala)
  • S. moliana Rolfe (Peru)
  • S. napoensis Dodson (Ecuador)
  • S. naurayi Jenny (Peru)
  • S. nicaraguensis G.Gerlach (Nicaragua)
  • S. nigripes Rolfe (Peru)
  • S. novogaliciana S.Rosillo (Mexico - Nayarit, Jalisco)
  • S. oculata (Lodd.)Lindl. (Mexico to Colombia, SE. Brazil)
  • S. oscarrodrigoi Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
  • S. ospinae Dodson (Colombia)
  • S. panamensis N.H.Williams & W.M.Whitten (Panama)
  • S. peruviana Rolfe (Peru)
  • S. platyceras Rchb.f. (Colombia)
  • S. posadae Jenny et Braem (Colombia)
  • S. pozoi Dodson & D.E.Benn. (S. Ecuador)
  • S. pseudoradiosa Jenny & R.Gonzalez (SW. Mexico)
  • S. pulla Rchb.f. (Costa Rica to N. Colombia)
  • S. radiosa Lem. (W. Mexico)
  • S. reichenbachiana Roezl ex Rchb.f. (Colombia)
  • S. rubroatrata Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
  • S. rubromaculata Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
  • S. ruckeri Lindl. (= S. inodora; Mexico to C. America)
  • S. saccata Bateman (Mexico - Chiapas to C. America)
  • S. saintexuperyi Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
  • S. schilleriana Rchb.f. (Colombia)
  • S. shuttleworthii Rchb.f. (Colombia)
  • S. stevensonii A.Mejia & R.Escobar ex Jenny (Colombia)
  • S. szlachetkoana Archila, Pérez-García & Chiron (Guatemala)
  • S. tigrina Bateman ex Lindl. (Mexico)
  • S. tolimensis G.Gerlach (Colombia)
  • S. tricornis Lindl. (W. South America)
  • S. victoriana Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
  • S. wardii Lodd. ex Lindl. (Nicaragua to Venezuela)
  • S. warszewicziana Klotzsch (Costa Rica)
  • Stanhopea whittenii Soto Arenas, Salazar & G.Gerlach (Mexico to Guatemala)
  • S. xanthoviridea Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala)
  • S. xytriophora Rchb.f. (S. Peru to Bolivia)

[7]

Natural hybrids
  • Stanhopea × fowlieana Jenny (S. costaricensis × S. ecornuta) (Costa Rica)
  • Stanhopea × herrenhusana Jenny (S. reichenbachiana × S. tricornis) (Colombia)
  • Stanhopea × horichiana Jenny (S. ecornuta × S. wardii) (Costa Rica)
  • Stanhopea × lewisae Ames & Correll (S. ecornuta × S. inodora) (Guatemala)
  • Stanhopea × quadricornis Lindl. (S. grandflora × S. wardii) (Colombia)
  • Stanhopea × thienii Dodson (S. annulata × S. impressa) (Ecuador)

[7]

Intergeneric hybrids
  • × Aciopea (Acineta × Stanhopea). Aciopea Guillermo Gaviria (Acineta erythroxantha × Stanhopea wardii) was registered Nov-Dec 2004 by Guillermo Gaviria-Correa (Colombia).
    • × Aciopea is abbreviated Aip..
  • × Cirrhopea (Cirrhaea × Stanhopea)
  • × Coryhopea (Coryanthes × Stanhopea)
  • × Stangora (Gongora × Stanhopea)
  • × Stanhocycnis (Polycycnis × Stanhopea)

Species
  • Stanhopea anfracta
  • Stanhopea annulata
  • Stanhopea candida
  • Stanhopea cirrhata
  • Stanhopea connata
  • Stanhopea costaricensis
  • Stanhopea ecornuta
  • Stanhopea embreei
  • Stanhopea grandiflora

Natural Hybrids
  • Stanhopea × horichiana

References
  1. Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.C. & Rasmussen, F.N. (2009). Epidendroideae (Part two). Genera Orchidacearum 5: 1-585. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
  3. Forzza, R. C. 2010. Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
  4. McLeish, I., N. R. Pearce & B. R. Adams. 1995. Native Orchids of Belize. 1–278.
  5. Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., R. D. C. Ortiz, R. Callejas Posada & M. Merello. (eds.) 2011. Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 9–939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.
  6. Schiestl, F. P.; Roubik, D. W. (2003-01-01). "Odor Compound Detection in Male Euglossine Bees". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 29 (1): 253–257. doi:10.1023/A:1021932131526. ISSN 0098-0331. PMID 12647866.
  7. "Search term=Stanhopea". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  • Gerlach, G. & Beeche, J. 2004: Stanhopeinae Mesoamericanae III (Orchidaceae). Reestablecimiento de Stanhopea ruckeri y una especie nueva: Stanhopea confusa. Lankesteriana 4(3): 213-222.
  • Gerlach, G. 2010: Stanhopeinae Mesoamericanae V: El aroma floral de las Stanhopeas de Mexico. Lankesteriana 9(3): 431-442.
  • Rudolf Jenny (December 1993) "The Genus Stanhopea," in: Orchids 62(12):1270-1277
  • Rudolf Jenny (December 2003) "The Genus Stanhopea. Part 1: S. anfracta to S. napoensis," in: Caesiana no. 21, Supplement. 200 color photos, 160 p.
  • Jenny, R. (2004) "The genus Stanhopea: 2nd part, S. nigripes to S. xytriophora" Caesiana no. 22: 146-291.
  • Gerlach, G. (2004). "Die Subtribus Stanhopeinae. 6. Stanhopea". J. Orchideenfreund. 11 (1): 53–76. (in German)
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