Sebastes

Sebastes is a genus of fish in the family Sebastidae (though some include this in the Scorpaenidae), most of which have the common name of rockfish. A few are called ocean perch, sea perch or redfish, instead. Most of the Sebastes species live in the north Pacific, although two (S. capensis and S. oculatus) live in the South Pacific/Atlantic and four (S. fasciatus, S. mentella, S. norvegicus, and S. viviparus) live in the North Atlantic. The coast off Southern California is the area of highest rockfish diversity, with 56 species living in the Southern California Bight.

Sebastes Temporal range: 33.9–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Early Oligocene to present[1]
Sebastes ruberrimus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Scorpaeniformes[2]
Family:	Sebastidae
Genus:	Sebastes G. Cuvier, 1829
Type species
Sebastes norvegicus[3]

The fossil record of rockfish goes back to the Miocene, with unequivocal whole body fossils and otoliths from California and Japan (although fossil otoliths from Belgium, "Sebastes" weileri, may push the record back as far as the early Oligocene).

Rockfish are important sport and commercial fish, and many species have been overfished. As a result, seasons are tightly controlled in many areas. Sebastes species are sometimes fraudulently substituted for the more expensive northern red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus).[4]

Ecology

Rockfish range from the intertidal zone to almost 3,000 m (9,800 ft) deep, usually living benthically on various substrates, often (as the name suggests) around rock outcrops. Some rockfish species are very long-lived, amongst the longest-living fish on earth, with several species known to surpass 100 years of age, and a maximum reported age of 205 years for S. aleutianus.[5]

Ecotoxicology, radioecology

Like all carnivores, these fish can bioaccumulate some pollutants or radionuclides such as cesium. Highly radioactive rockfish have been caught in a port near Fukushima city, Japan, not far from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, nearly 2 years after the nuclear disaster (ex: 107000 Bq/kg[6] (2013-02-12); 116000 Bq/kg[6] (2013-02-13) and 132000Bq/kg[6] (2013-02-13), respectively 1070, 1160, and 1320 times more than the maximum allowed by Japanese authorities (as updated on April 1, 2012)[6]

Species

The 109 recognized extant species in this genus are:

Sebastes carnatus at the Monterey Bay Aquarium

Sebastes chlorostictus at the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary.

Sebastes constellatus

Sebastes inermis

Sebastes goodei

Sebastes diaconus at the Vancouver Aquarium

Sebastes nebulosus

Sebastes norvegicus at the New England Aquarium

Sebastes pachycephalus

Sebastes serriceps

• Sebastes aleutianus (D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1898) (rougheye rockfish)
• Sebastes alutus (C. H. Gilbert, 1890) (Pacific Ocean perch)
• Sebastes atrovirens (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1880) (kelp rockfish)
• Sebastes auriculatus Girard, 1854 (brown rockfish)
• Sebastes aurora (C. H. Gilbert, 1890) (aurora rockfish)
• Sebastes babcocki (W. F. Thompson, 1915) (redbanded rockfish)
• Sebastes baramenuke (Wakiya, 1917)
• Sebastes borealis Barsukov, 1970 (shortraker rockfish)
• Sebastes brevispinis (T. H. Bean, 1884) (silvergray rockfish)
• Sebastes capensis (J. F. Gmelin, 1789) (Cape redfish)
• Sebastes carnatus (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1880) (gopher rockfish)
• Sebastes caurinus J. Richardson, 1844 (copper rockfish)
• Sebastes cheni (Barsukov, 1988) (Japanese White Seaperch) or (Japanese Blue Seaperch)
• Sebastes chlorostictus (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1880) (green-spotted rockfish)
• Sebastes chrysomelas (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1881) (black-and-yellow rockfish)
• Sebastes ciliatus (Tilesius, 1813) (dusky rockfish)
• Sebastes constellatus (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1880) (starry rockfish)
• Sebastes cortezi (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1938) (Cortez rockfish)
• Sebastes crameri (D. S. Jordan, 1897) (dark-blotched rockfish)
• Sebastes dallii (C. H. Eigenmann & Beeson, 1894) (calico rockfish)
• Sebastes diaconus Frable, D. W. Wagman, Frierson, A. Aguilar & Sidlauskas, 2015 (deacon rockfish)[7]
• Sebastes diploproa (C. H. Gilbert, 1890) (split-nose rockfish)
• Sebastes elongatus Ayres, 1859 (green-striped rockfish)
• Sebastes emphaeus (Starks, 1911) (Puget Sound rockfish)
• Sebastes ensifer L. C. Chen, 1971 (sword-spine rockfish)
• Sebastes entomelas (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1880) (widow rockfish)
• Sebastes eos (C. H. Eigenmann & R. S. Eigenmann, 1890) (pink rockfish)
• Sebastes exsul L. C. Chen, 1971 (buccaneer rockfish)
• Sebastes fasciatus D. H. Storer (fr), 1854 (Acadian redfish)
• Sebastes flammeus (D. S. Jordan & Starks, 1904)
• Sebastes flavidus (Ayres, 1862) (Yellowtail rockfish)
• Sebastes gilli (R. S. Eigenmann, 1891) (Bronzespotted rockfish)
• Sebastes glaucus Hilgendorf, 1880 (Gray rockfish)
• Sebastes goodei (C. H. Eigenmann & R. S. Eigenmann, 1890) (chilipepper rockfish)
• Sebastes helvomaculatus Ayres, 1859 (rosethorn rockfish)
• Sebastes hopkinsi (Cramer, 1895) (square-spot rockfish)
• Sebastes hubbsi (Matsubara, 1937)
• Sebastes ijimae (D. S. Jordan & Metz, 1913)
• Sebastes inermis G. Cuvier, 1829 (Japanese red seaperch)
• Sebastes iracundus (D. S. Jordan & Starks, 1904)
• Sebastes itinus (D. S. Jordan & Starks, 1904)
• Sebastes jordani (C. H. Gilbert, 1896) (short-belly rockfish)
• Sebastes joyneri Günther, 1878 (Togot seaperch, or offshore seaperch)
• Sebastes kiyomatsui Y. Kai & Nakabo, 2004
• Sebastes koreanus I. S. Kim & W. O. Lee, 1994
• Sebastes lentiginosus L. C. Chen, 1971 (freckled rockfish)
• Sebastes levis (C. H. Eigenmann & R. S. Eigenmann, 1889) (cowcod)
• Sebastes longispinis (Matsubara, 1934)
• Sebastes macdonaldi (C. H. Eigenmann & Beeson, 1893) (Mexican rockfish)
• Sebastes maliger (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1880) (quill-back rockfish)
• Sebastes matsubarai Hilgendorf, 1880
• Sebastes melanops Girard, 1856 (black rockfish)
• Sebastes melanosema R. N. Lea & Fitch, 1979 (semaphore rockfish)
• Sebastes melanostictus (Matsubara, 1934) (black-spotted rockfish)
• Sebastes melanostomus (C. H. Eigenmann & R. S. Eigenmann, 1890) (black-gill rockfish)
• Sebastes mentella Travin, 1951 (deepwater redfish)
• Sebastes miniatus (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1880) (vermilion rockfish)
• Sebastes minor Barsukov, 1972
• Sebastes moseri Eitner, 1999 (white-speckled rockfish)
• Sebastes mystinus (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1881) (blue rockfish)[7]
• Sebastes nebulosus Ayres, 1854 (China rockfish)
• Sebastes nigrocinctus Ayres, 1859 (tiger rockfish)
• Sebastes nivosus Hilgendorf, 1880
• Sebastes norvegicus (Ascanius, 1772) (golden redfish)
• Sebastes notius L. C. Che], 1971
• Sebastes nudus Matsubara, 1943
• Sebastes oblongus Günther, 1877
• Sebastes oculatus Valenciennes, 1833 (Patagonian redfish)
• Sebastes ovalis (Ayres, 1862) (speckled rockfish)
• Sebastes owstoni (D. S. Jordan & W. F. Thompson, 1914)(Japanese yellow seaperch)
• Sebastes pachycephalus Temminck & Schlegel, 1843
  • S. p. chalcogrammus Matsubara, 1943
  • S. p. nigricans (P. Y. Schmidt, 1930)
  • S. p. pachycephalus Temminck & Schlegel, 1843
• Sebastes paucispinis Ayres, 1854 (Bocaccio rockfish)
• Sebastes peduncularis L. C. Chen, 1975
• Sebastes phillipsi (Fitch, 1964) (chameleon rockfish)
• Sebastes pinniger (T. N. Gill, 1864) (canary rockfish)
• Sebastes polyspinis (Taranetz & Moiseev, 1933) (northern rockfish)
• Sebastes proriger (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1880) (red-stripe rockfish)
• Sebastes rastrelliger (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1880) (grass rockfish)
• Sebastes reedi (Westrheim & Tsuyuki, 1967) (yellow-mouth rockfish)
• Sebastes rosaceus Ayres, 1854 (rosy rockfish)
• Sebastes rosenblatti L. C. Chen, 1971 (green-blotched rockfish)
• Sebastes ruberrimus (Cramer, 1895) (yellow-eye rockfish)
• Sebastes rubrivinctus (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1880) (flag rockfish)
• Sebastes rufinanus R. N. Lea & Fitch, 1972 (dwarf red rockfish)
• Sebastes rufus (C. H. Eigenmann & R. S. Eigenmann, 1890) (bank rockfish)
• Sebastes saxicola (C. H. Gilbert, 1890) (stripetail rockfish)
• Sebastes schlegelii Hilgendorf, 1880 (Korean rockfish)
• Sebastes scythropus (D. S. Jordan & Snyder, 1900)
• Sebastes semicinctus (C. H. Gilbert, 1897) (half-banded rockfish)
• Sebastes serranoides (C. H. Eigenmann & R. S. Eigenmann, 1890) (olive rockfish)
• Sebastes serriceps (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1880) (treefish)
• Sebastes simulans T. N. Gill, 1864)[8]
• Sebastes simulator L. C. Chen, 1971 (pinkrose rockfish)
• Sebastes sinensis (C. H. Gilbert, 1890) (black-mouth rockfish)
• Sebastes spinorbis L. C. Chen, 1975
• Sebastes steindachneri Hilgendorf, 1880
• Sebastes taczanowskii Steindachner, 1880 (white-edged rockfish)
• Sebastes thompsoni (D. S. Jordan & C. L. Hubbs, 1925)
• Sebastes trivittatus Hilgendorf, 1880
• Sebastes umbrosus (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1882) (honeycomb rockfish)
• Sebastes variabilis (Pallas, 1814) (light dusky rockfish)
• Sebastes variegatus Quast, 1971 (harlequin rockfish)
• Sebastes varispinis L. C. Chen, 1975
• Sebastes ventricosus Temminck & Schlegel, 1843 (Japanese black seaperch)
• Sebastes viviparus Krøyer, 1845 (Norway redfish)
• Sebastes vulpes Döderlein (de), 1884 (fox jacopever)
• Sebastes wakiyai (Matsubara, 1934)
• Sebastes wilsoni (C. H. Gilbert, 1915) (pygmy rockfish)
• Sebastes zacentrus (C. H. Gilbert, 1890) (sharp-chin rockfish)
• Sebastes zonatus L. C. Chen & Barsukov, 1976

References

1. Sepkoski, J. (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2009-02-20.
2. "Scorpaeniformes". Paleobiology Database.
3. Kendall, A.W.Jr. "An Historical Review of Sebastes Taxonomy and Systematics" (PDF). NOAA.
4. "Regulatory Fish Encyclopedia". U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
5. Cailliet, G.M., Andrews, A.H., Burton, E.J., Watters, D.L., Kline, D.E. & Ferry-Graham, L.A. (2001). "Age determination and validation studies of marine fishes: do deep-dwellers live longer?". Experimental Gerontology. 36 (4–6): 739–764. doi:10.1016/s0531-5565(00)00239-4. PMID 11295512.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
6. TEPCO (2013): Nuclide Analysis Results of Fish and Shellfish (The Ocean Area Within 20km Radius of Fukushima Daiichi NPS <1/13>.
7. Frable, B.W., Wagman, D.W., Frierson, T.N., Aguilar, A. & Sidlauskas, B.L. (2015). "A new species of Sebastes (Scorpaeniformes: Sebastidae) from the northeastern Pacific, with a redescription of the blue rockfish, S. mystinus (Jordan and Gilbert, 1881)" (PDF). Fishery Bulletin. 113 (4): 355–377. doi:10.7755/fb.113.4.1.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
8. Kai Y., Muto N., Noda T., Orr J.W., Nakabo T. (2013). "First Record of the Rockfish Sebastes melanops from the Western North Pacific, with Comments on its Synonymy (Osteichthyes: Scorpaenoidei: Sebastidae)". Species Diversity. 18 (2): 175–182. doi:10.12782/sd.18.2.175.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)