Ralph H. Fowler
Sir Ralph Howard Fowler OBE FRS[1] (17 January 1889 – 28 July 1944) was a British physicist and astronomer.
Sir Ralph Howard Fowler | |
---|---|
London 1934 | |
Born | Fedsden, Roydon, Essex, England | 17 January 1889
Died | 28 July 1944 55) Trumpington, Cambridgeshire, England | (aged
Nationality | English |
Alma mater | Trinity College, Cambridge |
Known for | Fowler–Nordheim-type equations Fowler–Nordheim tunneling Darwin-Fowler method Bernal–Fowler rules |
Awards | Rayleigh Prize (1913) Adams Prize (1924) Royal Medal (1936) Fellow of the Royal Society[1] |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Statistical physics |
Institutions | Cambridge University |
Academic advisors | Archibald Vivian Hill |
Doctoral students | Garrett Birkhoff S. Chandrasekhar Paul Dirac Wang Zhuxi Homi J. Bhabha Douglas Rayner Hartree John Lennard-Jones Harrie Massey William McCrea Nevill Francis Mott Maurice Pryce Bertha Swirles |
Education
Fowler was born at Roydon, Essex, on 17 January 1889 to Howard Fowler, from Burnham, Somerset, and Frances Eva, daughter of George Dewhurst, a cotton merchant from Manchester.[2] He was initially educated at home, going on to attend Evans' preparatory school at Horris Hill and Winchester College. He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge and studied mathematics, becoming a wrangler in Part II of the Mathematical Tripos.
War service
In World War I he obtained a commission in the Royal Marine Artillery and was seriously wounded in his shoulder in the Gallipoli Campaign. The wound enabled his friend Archibald Hill to use his talents properly. As Hill's second in command he worked on anti-aircraft ballistics in the Experimental Department of HMS Excellent on Whale Island. He made a major contribution on the aerodynamics of spinning shells. He was awarded the OBE in 1918.[3]
Academic career
In 1919, Fowler returned to Trinity and was appointed college lecturer in mathematics in 1920. Here he worked on thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, bringing a new approach to physical chemistry. With Arthur Milne, a comrade during the war, he wrote a seminal work on stellar spectra, temperatures, and pressures. In 1925 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society.[1] He became research supervisor to Paul Dirac and, in 1926, worked with him on the statistical mechanics of white dwarf stars. In 1928 he published (with Lothar Nordheim) a seminal paper that explained the physical phenomenon now known as field electron emission, and helped to establish the validity of modern electron band theory. In 1931, he was the first to formulate and label the zeroth law of thermodynamics.[4] In 1932 he was elected to the Chair of Theoretical Physics at the Cavendish Laboratory.
In 1939, when World War II began, he resumed his work with the Ordnance Board, despite poor health, and was chosen for scientific liaison with Canada and the United States. He knew America well, having visiting professorships at Princeton and the University of Wisconsin–Madison. For this liaison work he was knighted in 1942 (see MAUD Committee). He returned to Britain later in the war and worked for the Ordnance Board and the Admiralty up until a few weeks before his death in 1944.
Fifteen Fellows of the Royal Society and three Nobel Laureates (Chandrasekhar, Dirac, and Mott) were supervised by Fowler between 1922 and 1939. In addition to Milne, he worked with Sir Arthur Eddington, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Paul Dirac and Sir William McCrea. It was Fowler who introduced Dirac to quantum theory in 1923. Fowler also put Dirac and Werner Heisenberg in touch with each other through Niels Bohr. At Cambridge he supervised the doctoral studies of 64 students, including John Lennard-Jones, Paul Dirac and Garrett Birkhoff.
The Fowler Islands, in Crystal Sound, on the Antarctic Peninsula were named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in his honour.
Personal life
Fowler was a keen amateur cricketer who played as a wicket-keeper. He played for Norfolk in the Minor Counties Championship in 1908 and 1909.[5]
In 1921 he married Eileen Mary (1901–1930), the only daughter of Ernest Rutherford. They had four children, two daughters and two sons. Eileen died after the birth of their last child. One of his grandchildren is Mary Fowler, a geologist and current Master of Darwin College, Cambridge.[6]
Selected publications
- Elementary differential geometry of plane curves. Cambridge University Press. 1920.[7] Dover reprint. 2005.
- Statistical mechanics, the theory of the properties of matter in equilibrium; based on an essay awarded the Adams prize in the University of Cambridge, 1923-24. Cambridge University Press. 1929.[8][9] 2nd edition. 1936.[10]
- Passage of electrons through surfaces and surface films; being the thirty-first Robert Boyle lecture. Oxford University Press. 1929.
- with E. A. Guggenheim: Statistical thermodynamics: a version of statistical mechanics for students of physics and chemistry. Cambridge University Press. 1939.[11]
References
- Milne, E. A. (1945). "Ralph Howard Fowler. 1889-1944". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 5 (14): 60. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1945.0005.
- Milne, E. A. (23 September 2004). Yoshioka, Alan (ed.). Fowler, Sir Ralph Howard (1889–1944), mathematical physicist and weapons researcher. 1. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33227.
- Van der Kloot W (2011). "Mirrors and Smoke: A. V. Hill, his Brigands, and the Science of Anti-aircraft Gunnery in World War I." Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 65: 393–410. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2010.0090.
- Y. Cengel, M. Boles, Thermodynamics - An Engineering Approach 5th ed.
- "Player profile: Ralph Fowler". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
- "New Master for Darwin". University of Cambridge. 3 April 2012. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
- "Review: The Elementary Differential Geometry of Plane Curves by R. H. Fowler". Nature. 105 (2637): 321–322. 13 May 1920. Bibcode:1920Natur.105..321G. doi:10.1038/105321a0. hdl:2027/uc1.b4073882.
- Bartky, Walter (1929). "Review: Statistical Mechanics by R. H. Fowler". Astrophysical Journal. 70: 194–197. Bibcode:1929ApJ....70..194B. doi:10.1086/143216.
- Stone, M. H. (1933). "Review: Statistical Mechanics by R. H. Fowler" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 39 (11): 850–853. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1933-05737-3.
- Frank, N. H. (1937). "Review: Statistical Mechanics, 2nd edition by R. H. Fowler". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 43 (9): 601–602. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1937-06586-4.
- Young, T. F. (1941). "Review: Statistical Thermodynamics by R. H. Fowler and E. A. Guggenheim". J. Chem. Educ. 18 (4): 198. Bibcode:1941JChEd..18..198Y. doi:10.1021/ed018p198.3.
External links
- Biography of Ernest Rutherford, with names of Ralph & Eileen's children
- Ralph Howard Fowler Trinity College Chapel
- Durham, Ian T. (2001). "Ralph Fowler (Biography)". Saint Anselm College, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. Retrieved 14 August 2020.